Abstract
Regulation of the sleep-waking cycle is complex, involving multiple neurological circuits and diverse endogenous molecules. Interplay among assorted neuroanatomical and neurochemical systems such as acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine, and hypocretin maintain the waking (W) state. The sleep-onset is governed by the interacting forces of the sleep drive, which steadily increases with duration of W, and circadian fluctuations. Sleeppromoting neurons located in the anterior hypothalamus release GABA and inhibit wake-promoting regions in the hypothalamus and brainstem and participate in the generation of slow wave sleep (SWS). During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, brainstem regions typically inhibited during W and SWS become active. In this regard, ascending projections from cholinergic neurons in the brainstem activate the thalamus which in turn increases the firing of the neurons in the cortex. Finally, sleep-promoting substances that accumulate in the brain during natural or prolonged W implicate a further complexity in the mechanism of modulation of the sleep-wake cycle. This review provides a broad understanding of our present knowledge in the field of sleep research.
Keywords: Sleep-wake cycle, neurotransmitter, brainstem, lateral hypothalamus, cortex, histamine
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Title: Mechanisms of Sleep-Wake Cycle Modulation
Volume: 8 Issue: 4
Author(s): Eric Murillo-Rodriguez, Oscar Arias-Carrion, Katya Sanguino-Rodriguez, Mauricio Gonzalez-Arias and Reyes Haro
Affiliation:
Keywords: Sleep-wake cycle, neurotransmitter, brainstem, lateral hypothalamus, cortex, histamine
Abstract: Regulation of the sleep-waking cycle is complex, involving multiple neurological circuits and diverse endogenous molecules. Interplay among assorted neuroanatomical and neurochemical systems such as acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine, and hypocretin maintain the waking (W) state. The sleep-onset is governed by the interacting forces of the sleep drive, which steadily increases with duration of W, and circadian fluctuations. Sleeppromoting neurons located in the anterior hypothalamus release GABA and inhibit wake-promoting regions in the hypothalamus and brainstem and participate in the generation of slow wave sleep (SWS). During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, brainstem regions typically inhibited during W and SWS become active. In this regard, ascending projections from cholinergic neurons in the brainstem activate the thalamus which in turn increases the firing of the neurons in the cortex. Finally, sleep-promoting substances that accumulate in the brain during natural or prolonged W implicate a further complexity in the mechanism of modulation of the sleep-wake cycle. This review provides a broad understanding of our present knowledge in the field of sleep research.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Murillo-Rodriguez Eric, Arias-Carrion Oscar, Sanguino-Rodriguez Katya, Gonzalez-Arias Mauricio and Haro Reyes, Mechanisms of Sleep-Wake Cycle Modulation, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2009; 8 (4) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152709788921654
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152709788921654 |
Print ISSN 1871-5273 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1996-3181 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system infectious diseases
Infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) can be divided into bacterial, tuberculous, viral, fungal, parasitic infections, etc. Early etiological treatment is often the most crucial means to reduce the mortality rate of patients with central nervous system infections, reduce complications and sequelae, and improve prognosis. The initial clinical ...read more
Techniques of Drug Repurposing: Delivering a new life to Herbs & Drugs
Of late, with the adaptation of innovative approaches and integration of advancements made towards medical sciences as well as the availability of a wide range of tools; several therapeutic challenges are being translated into viable clinical solutions, with a high degree of efficacy, safety, and selectivity. With a better understanding ...read more
Trends and perspectives in the rational management of CNS disorders
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases enforce a significant global health burden, driving ongoing efforts to improve our understanding and effectiveness of therapy. This issue investigates current advances in the discipline, focusing on the understanding as well as therapeutic handling of various CNS diseases. The issue covers a variety of diseases, ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
The Dopamine D3 Receptor: A Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Relationship between CNS and Immunology: Correlation with Psychology
Current Drug Metabolism Growth Factors and Chemokines: A Comparative Functional Approach Between Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Value of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: An Integrative Review
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Free Fatty Acids-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Drug Targeting and Therapeutics
Current Medicinal Chemistry PET Tracers for Mapping Adenosine Receptors as Probes for Diagnosis of CNS Disorders
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Frontotemporal Dementia Caused by CHMP2B Mutations
Current Alzheimer Research The Endocannabinoid System in Huntingtons Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Pharmacological Treatments for Behavioral Addictions: From Behavioral Dimensions to the Research Domain Criteria Based Target
Current Psychopharmacology Prediction and Targeting of Interaction Interfaces in G-protein Coupled Receptor Oligomers
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Animal Models for Parkinson's Disease
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Neural Receptors Associated with Depression: A Systematic Review of the Past 10 Years
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Targeting Kinin Receptors for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design On the Role of Endothelial TRPC3 Channels in Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Pharmacological Management of Huntingtons Disease: An Evidence- Based Review
Current Pharmaceutical Design Neuroprotective Gene Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease
Current Gene Therapy GDNF Family Ligands: A Potential Future for Parkinson's Disease Therapy
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Thalamocortical Oscillations: Local Control of EEG Slow Waves
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Onconeural Versus Paraneoplastic Antigens?
Current Medicinal Chemistry Biophysics of Parkinsons Disease: Structure and Aggregation of α- Synuclein
Current Protein & Peptide Science