Abstract
Numerous systems and organs are affected by stress. In this review we will focus on the effects in brain. Some of the most impressive effects of the stress in brain are the atrophy of hippocampal dendrites or even the reduction of the hippocampal size observed in brains from subjects exposed to severe or chronic stress. Obviously, before reaching this point of damage there are many other processes taking place in the stressed CNS. The release of glucocorticoids is one of the first features of the stress response. Glucocorticoids can result in neurotoxicity through different mechanisms, including modifications in the energy metabolism or via an increase in excitatory amino acids such as glutamate in the extracellular space. Glutamate can induce neuronal excitotoxicity. This sequence of events leads to the activation of TNFα convertase (TACE) and TNFα release in brain of rats subjected to restraint stress. One of the multiple effects exerted by this cytokine is to initiate the translocation of the transcription factor NFκB to neuronal nuclei. NFκB activation results in the induction of iNOS and COX2, two enzymes responsible for a great portion of the neurological damage produced in models of stress.
Keywords: ACTH, superoxide dismutase, NMDA, cytokines, transcription factor family, NOS isoenzyme
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Title: Stress-Induced Oxidative Changes in Brain
Volume: 5 Issue: 5
Author(s): Jose L. M. Madrigal, Borja Garcia-Bueno, Javier R. Caso, Beatriz G. Perez-Nievas and Juan C. Leza
Affiliation:
Keywords: ACTH, superoxide dismutase, NMDA, cytokines, transcription factor family, NOS isoenzyme
Abstract: Numerous systems and organs are affected by stress. In this review we will focus on the effects in brain. Some of the most impressive effects of the stress in brain are the atrophy of hippocampal dendrites or even the reduction of the hippocampal size observed in brains from subjects exposed to severe or chronic stress. Obviously, before reaching this point of damage there are many other processes taking place in the stressed CNS. The release of glucocorticoids is one of the first features of the stress response. Glucocorticoids can result in neurotoxicity through different mechanisms, including modifications in the energy metabolism or via an increase in excitatory amino acids such as glutamate in the extracellular space. Glutamate can induce neuronal excitotoxicity. This sequence of events leads to the activation of TNFα convertase (TACE) and TNFα release in brain of rats subjected to restraint stress. One of the multiple effects exerted by this cytokine is to initiate the translocation of the transcription factor NFκB to neuronal nuclei. NFκB activation results in the induction of iNOS and COX2, two enzymes responsible for a great portion of the neurological damage produced in models of stress.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
M. Madrigal L. Jose, Garcia-Bueno Borja, Caso R. Javier, Perez-Nievas G. Beatriz and Leza C. Juan, Stress-Induced Oxidative Changes in Brain, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2006; 5 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152706778559327
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152706778559327 |
Print ISSN 1871-5273 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1996-3181 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system infectious diseases
Infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) can be divided into bacterial, tuberculous, viral, fungal, parasitic infections, etc. Early etiological treatment is often the most crucial means to reduce the mortality rate of patients with central nervous system infections, reduce complications and sequelae, and improve prognosis. The initial clinical ...read more
Techniques of Drug Repurposing: Delivering a new life to Herbs & Drugs
Of late, with the adaptation of innovative approaches and integration of advancements made towards medical sciences as well as the availability of a wide range of tools; several therapeutic challenges are being translated into viable clinical solutions, with a high degree of efficacy, safety, and selectivity. With a better understanding ...read more
Trends and perspectives in the rational management of CNS disorders
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases enforce a significant global health burden, driving ongoing efforts to improve our understanding and effectiveness of therapy. This issue investigates current advances in the discipline, focusing on the understanding as well as therapeutic handling of various CNS diseases. The issue covers a variety of diseases, ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Electroencephalography and Dementia: A Literature Review and Future Perspectives
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives as Potential Scaffold for Anticonvulsant Activity
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Medications Acting on the GABA System in the Treatment of Alcoholic Patients
Current Pharmaceutical Design Non-adenosine Nucleoside Inosine, Guanosine and Uridine as Promising Antiepileptic Drugs: a Summary of Current Literature
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Upregulated Long Non-coding RNA ALMS1-IT1 Promotes Neuroinflammation by Activating NF-κB Signaling in Ischemic Cerebral Injury
Current Pharmaceutical Design Interleukin-1β Plays a Role in the Activation of Peripheral Leukocytes after Blood-Brain Barrier Rupture in the Course of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Current Neurovascular Research Propofol: Therapeutic Indications and Side-Effects
Current Pharmaceutical Design A Review on GABA/Glutamate Pathway for Therapeutic Intervention of ASD and ADHD
Current Medicinal Chemistry Susceptibility Genes for the Side Effect of Antipsychotics on Body Weight and Obesity
Current Drug Targets PET Imaging of Adenosine Receptors in Diseases
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Derivatives of Deoxypodophyllotoxin Induce Apoptosis through Bcl-2/Bax Proteins Expression
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Neurological Complications of Anderson-Fabry Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Metal Complexes, their Cellular Targets and Potential for Cancer Therapy
Current Pharmaceutical Design Editorial [Hot Topic: GABA and Glutamate as Targets in Medicinal Chemistry (Guest Editor: Dr. Julianna Kardos)]
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Molecular Docking, Synthesis and CNS Activity of Some Novel 1, 4-Benzodiazepine Derivatives
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Concise Synthesis of Non-Protein Amino Acid from Natural Product via Schmidt Reaction
Letters in Organic Chemistry Immune Functions of Glia and Neurons in the Central Nervous System
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Gene Therapy for Ischemic Brain Diseases
Current Gene Therapy Transporters at CNS Barrier Sites: Obstacles or Opportunities for Drug Delivery?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Bioinformatic Screening of Autoimmune Disease Genes and Protein Structure Prediction with FAMS for Drug Discovery
Protein & Peptide Letters