Abstract
Inflammation is characteristic of a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. These include Alzheimers (AD), Parkinsons (PD), and Huntingtons diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, all of the tauopathies, multiple sclerosis and many other less common conditions. Morphologically, the level of inflammation is determined by the concentration and degree of activation of microglial cells. Biochemically, it is judged by the presence of a spectrum of inflammatory mediators. Epidemiological evidence indicates that anti-inflammatory agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have a sparing effect on AD and PD indicating that inflammation exacerbates the pathology in these diseases. NSAIDs are protective in transgenic animal models of AD, providing further evidence of the negative consequences of inflammation. Here we describe an in vitro model, which was used to study the protective effects of NSAIDs in AD. This model is based on neuronal cell killing by stimulated microglia or microglia-like cells. In this model NSAIDs show protective effects at a therapeutically relevant level, which is in the low micromolar range. There are reports suggesting that NSAIDs act independently of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition, but only at higher doses. Classical NSAIDs are still the most logical choice for agents that will slow the progression or delay the onset of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases despite failures of naproxen, celecoxib and rofecoxib in AD clinical trials. Several other classes of anti-inflammatory drugs have been identified as potentially beneficial in this and similar assay systems. Therefore combination therapy with other anti-inflammatory agents that work through different mechanisms of action might prove to be a superior therapeutic strategy.
Keywords: alzheimers disease, cyclooxygenases, inflammation, microglia, multiple sclerosis, neuroprotection, neurotoxicity, parkinsons disease
Current Alzheimer Research
Title: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Other Anti- Inflammatory Agents in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disease
Volume: 2 Issue: 3
Author(s): Andis Klegeris and Patrick L. McGeer
Affiliation:
Keywords: alzheimers disease, cyclooxygenases, inflammation, microglia, multiple sclerosis, neuroprotection, neurotoxicity, parkinsons disease
Abstract: Inflammation is characteristic of a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. These include Alzheimers (AD), Parkinsons (PD), and Huntingtons diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, all of the tauopathies, multiple sclerosis and many other less common conditions. Morphologically, the level of inflammation is determined by the concentration and degree of activation of microglial cells. Biochemically, it is judged by the presence of a spectrum of inflammatory mediators. Epidemiological evidence indicates that anti-inflammatory agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have a sparing effect on AD and PD indicating that inflammation exacerbates the pathology in these diseases. NSAIDs are protective in transgenic animal models of AD, providing further evidence of the negative consequences of inflammation. Here we describe an in vitro model, which was used to study the protective effects of NSAIDs in AD. This model is based on neuronal cell killing by stimulated microglia or microglia-like cells. In this model NSAIDs show protective effects at a therapeutically relevant level, which is in the low micromolar range. There are reports suggesting that NSAIDs act independently of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition, but only at higher doses. Classical NSAIDs are still the most logical choice for agents that will slow the progression or delay the onset of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases despite failures of naproxen, celecoxib and rofecoxib in AD clinical trials. Several other classes of anti-inflammatory drugs have been identified as potentially beneficial in this and similar assay systems. Therefore combination therapy with other anti-inflammatory agents that work through different mechanisms of action might prove to be a superior therapeutic strategy.
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Klegeris Andis and McGeer L. Patrick, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Other Anti- Inflammatory Agents in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disease, Current Alzheimer Research 2005; 2 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205054367883
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205054367883 |
Print ISSN 1567-2050 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5828 |
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Neuroinflammation is an invariable hallmark of chronic and acute neurodegenerative disorders and has long been considered a potential drug target for Alzheimer?s disease (AD) and dementia. Significant evidence of inflammatory processes as a feature of AD is provided by the presence of inflammatory markers in plasma, CSF and postmortem brain ...read more
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