Abstract
The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) exists in two isoforms, GnRH-I and GnRH-II, in most vertebrates, including humans. Both of these isoforms and their respective receptors have been found in many healthy and pathologic extra nervous system tissues, such as cells found in cancers of the reproductive systems and, in particular, in breast cancer. GnRH analogues are used as therapeutic agents in the case of sex-hormone-dependent tumours. Besides acting as suppressors of steroidogenesis, GnRH analogues seem to interfere with mitogenic signal transduction pathways, thus behaving as negative regulators of tumour growth and progression.
GnRH analogues counteract the proliferating effects of both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin like growth factor (IGF-I); additionally, it affects the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and modulates the activity of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/plasminogen activator inhibitory (PAI) system, which is involved in the process of metastasis. In addition, GnRH analogues decrease the expression of many growth factors involved in the development of human uterine myomas (as well as endometriotic tissue), such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is deeply implied in the angiogenesis of many benign and malignant tumours, including breast cancer.
Angiogenesis is one of the primary processes leading to the progression and metastasis of breast cancer cells, and a key therapeutic goal in the fight against tumours is the blocking of new vessel sprouts. Given these premises, this review provides an update on the background of anti-neoplastic properties of GnRH analogues..
Keywords: Angiogenesis, domestic animals, fibrosis, GnRH analogues, GnRH receptor, growth factors, kisspeptin, mammary tumours, metastasis, VEGF
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: The Pharmacological Pathways of GnRH Mediating the Inhibition of Mammary Tumours: Implications in Humans and Domestic Animals
Volume: 19 Issue: 7
Author(s): A. Rizzo, M. Spedicato, M. Mutinati, G. Minoia, R. Patruno, G. Ranieri and R. L. Sciorsci
Affiliation:
Keywords: Angiogenesis, domestic animals, fibrosis, GnRH analogues, GnRH receptor, growth factors, kisspeptin, mammary tumours, metastasis, VEGF
Abstract: The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) exists in two isoforms, GnRH-I and GnRH-II, in most vertebrates, including humans. Both of these isoforms and their respective receptors have been found in many healthy and pathologic extra nervous system tissues, such as cells found in cancers of the reproductive systems and, in particular, in breast cancer. GnRH analogues are used as therapeutic agents in the case of sex-hormone-dependent tumours. Besides acting as suppressors of steroidogenesis, GnRH analogues seem to interfere with mitogenic signal transduction pathways, thus behaving as negative regulators of tumour growth and progression.
GnRH analogues counteract the proliferating effects of both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin like growth factor (IGF-I); additionally, it affects the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and modulates the activity of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/plasminogen activator inhibitory (PAI) system, which is involved in the process of metastasis. In addition, GnRH analogues decrease the expression of many growth factors involved in the development of human uterine myomas (as well as endometriotic tissue), such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is deeply implied in the angiogenesis of many benign and malignant tumours, including breast cancer.
Angiogenesis is one of the primary processes leading to the progression and metastasis of breast cancer cells, and a key therapeutic goal in the fight against tumours is the blocking of new vessel sprouts. Given these premises, this review provides an update on the background of anti-neoplastic properties of GnRH analogues..
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Rizzo A., Spedicato M., Mutinati M., Minoia G., Patruno R., Ranieri G. and L. Sciorsci R., The Pharmacological Pathways of GnRH Mediating the Inhibition of Mammary Tumours: Implications in Humans and Domestic Animals, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2012; 19 (7) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986712799320745
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986712799320745 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of numerous diseases, significantly impacting global health. Although chronic inflammation is a hot topic, not much has been written about approaches to its treatment. This thematic issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in chronic inflammation treatment and foster discussion on future directions in this ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Sulfotransferase 1A1 as a Biomarker for Susceptibility to Carcinogenesis: From Molecular Genetics to the Role of Dietary Flavonoids
Current Drug Metabolism Editorial (Thematic Issue: The Effects of Anticancer Agents on Cell Apoptosis and on the Expression of Cancer - Related Genes)
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry What does the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Really Measure in Liaison Psychiatry Settings?
Current Psychiatry Reviews Melatonin: Pharmacology, Functions and Therapeutic Benefits
Current Neuropharmacology Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Mechanisms Involved in Dendritic Cell Activation: Potential Therapeutic Control of T Cell Polarization
Current Pharmaceutical Design Model Checking a Synchronous Diabetes-Cancer Logical Network
Current Bioinformatics NF-κB, a Potential Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Tumor-dependent Effects of Proteoglycans and Various Glycosaminoglycan Synthesizing Enzymes and Sulfotransferases on Patients’ Outcome
Current Cancer Drug Targets Characterization of Stem-Like Cells Directly Isolated from Freshly Resected Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Specimens
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Targeting Stem Cells-Clinical Implications for Cancer Therapy
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Potential Therapeutic Targets in Multiple Sclerosis
Current Drug Targets - Inflammation & Allergy Signalling Pathways Activated by Ultraviolet Radiation: Role in Ocular and Cutaneous Health
Current Pharmaceutical Design Tumor Escape from Immune Response: Mechanisms and Targets of Activity
Current Drug Targets C7-Substituted Estranes and Related Steroids
Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry Antineoplastic Activity of an Old Natural Antidiabetic Biguanide on the Human Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Line
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Reducing False Positive Findings in Statistical Analysis of Pharmacogenomic Biomarker Studies Using High-Throughput Technologies
Current Drug Safety Self-micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System “SMEDDS” for Efficient Oral Delivery of Andrographolide
Drug Delivery Letters MicroRNAs Regulate the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Cancer Progression
MicroRNA Intestinal Dysbiosis, Gut Hyperpermeability and Bacterial Translocation: Missing Links Between Depression, Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Current Pharmaceutical Design Glycoconjugates As Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy: Clinical Trials and Future Directions
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry