Abstract
Graves disease (GD) is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis and often involves the orbits. Graves ophthalmopathy (GO), also known as Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), can be clinically significant and advance to sightthreatening stages. Our knowledge of the immunogenetic pathophysiology of GO is rapidly expanding. The present review is an attempt to summarize the current state of knowledge on the immunogenetics of GO. First we briefly review the epidemiology and clinical importance of GO, and then we describe in detail the macromolecular pathogenesis and finally immunogenetics of GO. Discrepancies between the results from various reports and the limitations of the available data are discussed. In particular, there is a scarcity of data from non-Asian populations. While several studies have demonstrated significant associations between polymorphisms in certain genes (especially CTLA-4, HLA-DRB-1, and TNF-α), there is a need for studies that investigate the relationship between polymorphisms and both serum and local concentrations of the resulting proteins. A complete understanding of GO susceptibility and pathogenesis has not been yet possible due to a number of important knowledge gaps that need to be filled by future research.
Keywords: Cytokine, Graves, immunogenetics, ophthalmopathy, polymorphism, autoimmunity, Thyroid Eye Disease, PATHOGENESIS, CTLA-4, HLA
Current Genomics
Title: Graves Ophthalmopathy: A Review of Immunogenetics
Volume: 12 Issue: 8
Author(s): Omid Khalilzadeh, Sina Noshad, Armin Rashidi and Aliakbar Amirzargar
Affiliation:
Keywords: Cytokine, Graves, immunogenetics, ophthalmopathy, polymorphism, autoimmunity, Thyroid Eye Disease, PATHOGENESIS, CTLA-4, HLA
Abstract: Graves disease (GD) is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis and often involves the orbits. Graves ophthalmopathy (GO), also known as Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), can be clinically significant and advance to sightthreatening stages. Our knowledge of the immunogenetic pathophysiology of GO is rapidly expanding. The present review is an attempt to summarize the current state of knowledge on the immunogenetics of GO. First we briefly review the epidemiology and clinical importance of GO, and then we describe in detail the macromolecular pathogenesis and finally immunogenetics of GO. Discrepancies between the results from various reports and the limitations of the available data are discussed. In particular, there is a scarcity of data from non-Asian populations. While several studies have demonstrated significant associations between polymorphisms in certain genes (especially CTLA-4, HLA-DRB-1, and TNF-α), there is a need for studies that investigate the relationship between polymorphisms and both serum and local concentrations of the resulting proteins. A complete understanding of GO susceptibility and pathogenesis has not been yet possible due to a number of important knowledge gaps that need to be filled by future research.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Khalilzadeh Omid, Noshad Sina, Rashidi Armin and Amirzargar Aliakbar, Graves Ophthalmopathy: A Review of Immunogenetics, Current Genomics 2011; 12 (8) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920211798120844
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920211798120844 |
Print ISSN 1389-2029 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5488 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advanced Computational Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Pharmacogenomics
In the era of personalized medicine, understanding the relationship between genetics and drug response is crucial. This issue delves into innovative methodologies, leveraging deep computational analysis and artificial intelligence, to enhance the field of Clinical Pharmacogenomics. The interdisciplinary approach harnesses the power of advanced high-throughput genotyping technologies, sophisticated computational analysis, ...read more
Applications of Single-cell Sequencing Technology in Reproductive Medicine
Single cell sequencing (SCS) technology utilizes individual cells' genetic material to sequence their genome, transcriptome, and epigenetics at the molecular level. It offers insights into cell heterogeneity and enables the study of limited biological materials. Since its recognition as a valuable technique in 2011, single cell sequencing has yielded numerous ...read more
Big Data in Cancer Research
Cancer is a significant threat to human life and health, remaining a highly aggressive killer. It is a leading cause of death worldwide and represents a crucial medical issue for humanity. However, in the past decade, the effectiveness of new synthetic anticancer agents has not matched the current clinical speculation. ...read more
Current Genomics in Cardiovascular Research
Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in the world, in recent years we have had important advances in the interaction between cardiovascular disease and genomics. In this Research Topic, we intend for researchers to present their results with a focus on basic, translational and clinical investigations associated with ...read more
Related Journals
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Editorial [Hot Topic: The Pineal Hormone Melatonin in Health and Disease (Guest Editors: Charanjit Kaur)]
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery Melatonin and Aromatase in Breast Cancer
Clinical Cancer Drugs Molecular Mechanisms in Aging and Current Strategies to Counteract Sarcopenia
Current Aging Science Emerging Role of Wnt/Beta-Catenin Signalling Pathways in Cancer Progression and Role of Small Molecule Tankyrase Inhibitors in Combating Multistage Cancers
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews NF-κB Signature on the Aging Wall
Current Drug Metabolism Pharmacological Histone Deacetylation Distinguishes Transcriptional Regulators
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Clinical Evaluation of Anti-Obesity Drugs
Current Drug Targets The Antidiabetic PPARγ Ligands: An Update on Compounds in Development
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents Molecular Modeling Studies of Estrogen Receptor Modulators
Current Computer-Aided Drug Design Parathyroid Hypertension: A Rare, but Curable form of Secondary Hypertension
Current Hypertension Reviews Endothelial Remodelling and Intracellular Calcium Machinery
Current Molecular Medicine The Therapeutic Potential of RNA Interference: Novel Approaches for Cancer Treatment
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Hypertension and Ischemic Heart Disease in Women
Current Pharmaceutical Design Role of FXR in Regulating Bile Acid Homeostasis and Relevance for Human Diseases
Current Drug Targets - Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Is the Vagina an Adequate Route for the Administration of Hormonal Contraceptives?
Current Drug Metabolism Influence of Trishomocubanes on Sigma Receptor Binding of N-(1-Benzylpiperidin- 4-yl)-4-[123I]iodobenzamide In Vivo in the Rat Brain
Medicinal Chemistry Clomiphene for the Treatment of Male Infertility: A Case Report of Mood Change and a Literature Overview
Current Drug Safety Tyrosinase Electrochemical Biosensors Monitoring Medicinally Significant Substances
Current Medicinal Chemistry Novel Targets of Vitamin D Activity in Bone: Action of the Vitamin D Receptor in Osteoblasts, Osteocytes and Osteoclasts
Current Drug Targets Newly Recognized Receptors for Vitamin D Metabolites
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued)