Abstract
The need for non-invasive assessment of airway inflammation is imperative, since inflammatory airway diseases, such as asthma and COPD, are characterized by variation in their clinical presentation throughout their course. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection represents a rather appealing method that can be used to conveniently and noninvasively collect a wide range of volatile and non-volatile molecules from the respiratory tract, without affecting airway function or inflammation. Although promising, EBC is currently used only as a research tool, due to the lack of appropriate standardization and the absence of reference values. A large number of mediators of inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress, including adenosine, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, isoprostanes, leukotrienes, prostanoids, nitrogen oxides, peptides and cytokines, have been studied in EBC. This review focuses mainly on the presentation of the above biomarkers in asthma as well as on the effect of various factors on their concentrations. Concentrations of such mediators have been shown to be related to the underlying asthma and its severity and to be modulated by therapeutic interventions. Despite the encouraging positive results up-to-date, the introduction of EBC in everyday clinical practice requires the work-out of some methodological pitfalls, the standardization of EBC collection, and finally the identification of a reliable biomarker which is reproducible, has normal values and provides information for the underlying inflammatory process and the response to treatment. So far none of the parameters studied in EBC fulfils the aforementioned requirements.
Keywords: Exhaled breath condensate, asthma, biomarkers, clinical applications, condensate, airway inflammation, non-volatile molecules, volatile molecules, hyperresponsiveness, hydrocarbons
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Exhaled Breath Condensate in Asthma: From Bench to Bedside
Volume: 18 Issue: 10
Author(s): S. Loukides, K. Kontogianni, G. Hillas and I. Horvath
Affiliation:
Keywords: Exhaled breath condensate, asthma, biomarkers, clinical applications, condensate, airway inflammation, non-volatile molecules, volatile molecules, hyperresponsiveness, hydrocarbons
Abstract: The need for non-invasive assessment of airway inflammation is imperative, since inflammatory airway diseases, such as asthma and COPD, are characterized by variation in their clinical presentation throughout their course. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection represents a rather appealing method that can be used to conveniently and noninvasively collect a wide range of volatile and non-volatile molecules from the respiratory tract, without affecting airway function or inflammation. Although promising, EBC is currently used only as a research tool, due to the lack of appropriate standardization and the absence of reference values. A large number of mediators of inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress, including adenosine, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, isoprostanes, leukotrienes, prostanoids, nitrogen oxides, peptides and cytokines, have been studied in EBC. This review focuses mainly on the presentation of the above biomarkers in asthma as well as on the effect of various factors on their concentrations. Concentrations of such mediators have been shown to be related to the underlying asthma and its severity and to be modulated by therapeutic interventions. Despite the encouraging positive results up-to-date, the introduction of EBC in everyday clinical practice requires the work-out of some methodological pitfalls, the standardization of EBC collection, and finally the identification of a reliable biomarker which is reproducible, has normal values and provides information for the underlying inflammatory process and the response to treatment. So far none of the parameters studied in EBC fulfils the aforementioned requirements.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Loukides S., Kontogianni K., Hillas G. and Horvath I., Exhaled Breath Condensate in Asthma: From Bench to Bedside, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2011; 18 (10) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986711795328418
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986711795328418 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
Current advances in inherited cardiomyopathy
Describe in detail all novel advances in multimodality imaging related to inherited cardiomyopathy diagnosis and prognosis. Shed light to deeper phenotypic characterization. Acknowledge recent advances in genetics, genomics and precision medicineread more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Clinical Approaches Toward Tumor Angiogenesis: Past, Present and Future
Current Pharmaceutical Design Adverse Drug Reactions in the Oral Cavity
Current Pharmaceutical Design Oral Corticosteroid Use in Exacerbations of Asthma
Clinical Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Drugs (Discontinued) Molecular and Biotechnological Advances in Milk Proteins in Relation to Human Health
Current Protein & Peptide Science Chemical Modifications of Ketoprofen (NSAID) in Search of Better Lead Compounds: A Review of Literature From 2004-2016
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Cytokine Polymorphisms in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases with Reference to Occupational Diseases
Current Molecular Medicine New Genetic and Pharmacological Treatments for Cystic Fibrosis
Current Pediatric Reviews Metformin and Inflammation: Its Potential Beyond Glucose-lowering Effect
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Essential Oil and Organic Extracts of Euphorbia tithymaloides L. from Kushtia Region
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Suramin Attenuated Inflammation and Reversed Skin Tissue Damage in Experimentally Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Mice
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Editorial [Hot Topic: Protein Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory Disease (Guest Editor: Mark R. Player)]
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Privileged Structures - Dream or Reality: Preferential Organization of Azanaphthalene Scaffold
Current Medicinal Chemistry Investigation of 5-HT<sub>3A</sub> Receptor Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Individuals who had been Exposed to Air Pollution
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Novel Methods of Genetic Modification of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Recent Patents on Regenerative Medicine Editorial from Editor-in-Chief [Hot topic:Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Asthma: Are We there Yet?]
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Chemogenomics with Peptide Secondary Structure Mimetics
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Antileukotriene Treatment in Children with Asthma - New Patents
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Cashew Gum A Versatile Hydrophyllic Polymer: A Review
Current Drug Therapy Systemic Approach to the Study of Complex Bone Disorders at the Whole- Genome Level
Current Genomics Novel Strategies and Model Studies for Colon Targeted Drug Delivery
Drug Delivery Letters