Abstract
The well known calcium-sensitive phosphatase calcineurin is implicated in many eukaryotic activation and developmental programmes, including lymphocyte activation, heart-valve morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and neural and muscle development. The importance of this phosphatase is graphically illustrated by the observation that the immunosuppressive actions of the microbial drugs Cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 arise from their inhibition of calcineurin. As substrates of calcineurin, transcription factors of the NFAT family play an essential role in lymphocyte activation, and it follows that their function is also inhibited by CsA and FK506. Although the use of these drugs has been crucial for the success of organ transplantation, their therapeutic use is associated with severe side effects. There is, therefore a need to develop better, less toxic immunosuppressive agents. In recent years, a number of endogenous calcineurin inhibitor proteins have been identified that bind calcineurin and block its phosphatase activity. In some cases the calcineurin interaction domains of these proteins, or their corresponding docking sites on calcineurin, have been described. However, their mode of action and regulatory mechanisms are not completely known. In a more recent development, specific amino acidic sequences implicated in the interaction between calcineurin and NFAT have been identified. It is of especial interest that specific disruption of this pathway has been obtained through the expression of peptides based on some of these sequences. A more profound analysis of these issues could open up new perspectives in immunosuppressive therapy; promising compounds with features of endogenous calcineurin inhibitors (and thus likely to have fewer toxic effects than CsA and FK506), or selective blockers of calcineurin-NFAT interactions that would not alter the functioning of other calcineurin substrates.
Keywords: calcineurin, nfat, inhibitors, immunosuppression.
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Inhibitors of the Calcineurin / NFAT Pathway
Volume: 11 Issue: 8
Author(s): Sara Martinez-Martinez and Juan Miguel Redondo
Affiliation:
Keywords: calcineurin, nfat, inhibitors, immunosuppression.
Abstract: The well known calcium-sensitive phosphatase calcineurin is implicated in many eukaryotic activation and developmental programmes, including lymphocyte activation, heart-valve morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and neural and muscle development. The importance of this phosphatase is graphically illustrated by the observation that the immunosuppressive actions of the microbial drugs Cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 arise from their inhibition of calcineurin. As substrates of calcineurin, transcription factors of the NFAT family play an essential role in lymphocyte activation, and it follows that their function is also inhibited by CsA and FK506. Although the use of these drugs has been crucial for the success of organ transplantation, their therapeutic use is associated with severe side effects. There is, therefore a need to develop better, less toxic immunosuppressive agents. In recent years, a number of endogenous calcineurin inhibitor proteins have been identified that bind calcineurin and block its phosphatase activity. In some cases the calcineurin interaction domains of these proteins, or their corresponding docking sites on calcineurin, have been described. However, their mode of action and regulatory mechanisms are not completely known. In a more recent development, specific amino acidic sequences implicated in the interaction between calcineurin and NFAT have been identified. It is of especial interest that specific disruption of this pathway has been obtained through the expression of peptides based on some of these sequences. A more profound analysis of these issues could open up new perspectives in immunosuppressive therapy; promising compounds with features of endogenous calcineurin inhibitors (and thus likely to have fewer toxic effects than CsA and FK506), or selective blockers of calcineurin-NFAT interactions that would not alter the functioning of other calcineurin substrates.
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Cite this article as:
Martinez-Martinez Sara and Redondo Miguel Juan, Inhibitors of the Calcineurin / NFAT Pathway, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2004; 11 (8) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867043455576
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867043455576 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
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