Abstract
The present manuscript reviews novel data on the progressive involvement of different regions of the central nervous system as well as peripheral nerves in Parkinsons disease. Most of these regions are involved in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system, and their damage is concomitant with the specific loss of sympathetic cardiac axon terminals. This causes a cardiovascular dysfunction, which occurs solely in Parkinsonian patients. In order to specify the peculiarity of this cardiovascular alteration we coined the term “Parkinsonian Heart”. This is characterized by a severe loss of the physiological noradrenergic innervation and a slight impairment of central autonomic control and it is often characterized by drug-induced morpho-functional alterations. In fact, the current dopamine substitution therapy could make worse such an already abnormal heart. For instance, structure-activity studies on dopamine substitutive drugs report that dopamine agonists belonging to the class of ergot derivatives may produce, with a high frequency, valvular fibrosis in Parkinsonian patients. These effects recently became a major issue and led to consider all ergot dopamine agonists as dangerous for the treatment of Parkinsons disease. In the present review we re-describe the effects of dopamine agonist within the specific context of the Parkinsonian heart. In line with this, additional factors need to be considered: 1- The lack of noradrenergic innervation which might play a significant role in the fibrogenic mechanism. 2- The ergot structure per se, which is not sufficient, but it is rather the ability to act as agonist at 5HT2B or alpha-noradrenergic receptors to determine the fibrotic reaction. Therefore, we suggest that binding to these receptor subtypes, joined with the lack of endogenous noradrenergic innervation, might synergize to produce the cardiac fibrosis.
Keywords: Cardiac fibrosis, Dopamine agonists, Ergot derivatives, Multiple system atrophy, Noradrenaline, Orthostatic hypotension, Parkinson's disease, Sympathetic nervous system
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: The “Parkinsonian Heart”: From Novel Vistas to Advanced Therapeutic Approaches in Parkinsons Disease
Volume: 14 Issue: 23
Author(s): Francesco Fornai, Riccardo Ruffoli, Paola Soldani, Stefano Ruggieri and Antonio Paparelli
Affiliation:
Keywords: Cardiac fibrosis, Dopamine agonists, Ergot derivatives, Multiple system atrophy, Noradrenaline, Orthostatic hypotension, Parkinson's disease, Sympathetic nervous system
Abstract: The present manuscript reviews novel data on the progressive involvement of different regions of the central nervous system as well as peripheral nerves in Parkinsons disease. Most of these regions are involved in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system, and their damage is concomitant with the specific loss of sympathetic cardiac axon terminals. This causes a cardiovascular dysfunction, which occurs solely in Parkinsonian patients. In order to specify the peculiarity of this cardiovascular alteration we coined the term “Parkinsonian Heart”. This is characterized by a severe loss of the physiological noradrenergic innervation and a slight impairment of central autonomic control and it is often characterized by drug-induced morpho-functional alterations. In fact, the current dopamine substitution therapy could make worse such an already abnormal heart. For instance, structure-activity studies on dopamine substitutive drugs report that dopamine agonists belonging to the class of ergot derivatives may produce, with a high frequency, valvular fibrosis in Parkinsonian patients. These effects recently became a major issue and led to consider all ergot dopamine agonists as dangerous for the treatment of Parkinsons disease. In the present review we re-describe the effects of dopamine agonist within the specific context of the Parkinsonian heart. In line with this, additional factors need to be considered: 1- The lack of noradrenergic innervation which might play a significant role in the fibrogenic mechanism. 2- The ergot structure per se, which is not sufficient, but it is rather the ability to act as agonist at 5HT2B or alpha-noradrenergic receptors to determine the fibrotic reaction. Therefore, we suggest that binding to these receptor subtypes, joined with the lack of endogenous noradrenergic innervation, might synergize to produce the cardiac fibrosis.
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Fornai Francesco, Ruffoli Riccardo, Soldani Paola, Ruggieri Stefano and Paparelli Antonio, The “Parkinsonian Heart”: From Novel Vistas to Advanced Therapeutic Approaches in Parkinsons Disease, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2007; 14 (23) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986707782023631
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986707782023631 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
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