Abstract
Elevated plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy) are a risk factor for systemic vascular diseases, stroke and vascular dementia. In recent years, increasing Hcy levels have been detected in neurological disorders that are not vascular in origin including Alzheimers Disease and movement disorders (MD) such as idiopathic Parkinsons Disease (PD), Huntingtons Disease (HD) and primary dystonia. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in PD results from L-Dopa administration and its O-methylation dependent from catechol-O-methyltransferase and may be implicated in the development of motor complications and non-motor symptoms, such as dementia. In a recent study, HHcy has been evidenced in HD patients, compared to controls. Because mutated Huntington protein influences Hcy metabolism by modulating cystathionine- β-synthase activity, Hcy could represent a biological marker of neurodegeneration and could explain the leading role of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases as causes of death in HD. Finally, several cases of homocystinuria associated with dystonia, and some recent reports of elevated Hcy in patients with primary adult onset dystonia have been published. Increased Hcy plasma levels may have important implications in patients affected by these basal ganglia disturbances, by exerting neurotoxic effects, contributing to neurotransmitter imbalance in motor circuits, and increasing the risk for vascular insults and cognitive dysfunctions.
Keywords: Movement disorders, homocysteine, levodopa, Huntington's disease, primary dystonia, Parkinson's disease, B vitamins
Current Vascular Pharmacology
Title: Hyperhomocysteinemia in Movement Disorders: Current Evidence and Hypotheses
Volume: 4 Issue: 3
Author(s): Stefano Zoccolella, Davide Martino, Giovanni Defazio, Paolo Lamberti and Paolo Livrea
Affiliation:
Keywords: Movement disorders, homocysteine, levodopa, Huntington's disease, primary dystonia, Parkinson's disease, B vitamins
Abstract: Elevated plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy) are a risk factor for systemic vascular diseases, stroke and vascular dementia. In recent years, increasing Hcy levels have been detected in neurological disorders that are not vascular in origin including Alzheimers Disease and movement disorders (MD) such as idiopathic Parkinsons Disease (PD), Huntingtons Disease (HD) and primary dystonia. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in PD results from L-Dopa administration and its O-methylation dependent from catechol-O-methyltransferase and may be implicated in the development of motor complications and non-motor symptoms, such as dementia. In a recent study, HHcy has been evidenced in HD patients, compared to controls. Because mutated Huntington protein influences Hcy metabolism by modulating cystathionine- β-synthase activity, Hcy could represent a biological marker of neurodegeneration and could explain the leading role of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases as causes of death in HD. Finally, several cases of homocystinuria associated with dystonia, and some recent reports of elevated Hcy in patients with primary adult onset dystonia have been published. Increased Hcy plasma levels may have important implications in patients affected by these basal ganglia disturbances, by exerting neurotoxic effects, contributing to neurotransmitter imbalance in motor circuits, and increasing the risk for vascular insults and cognitive dysfunctions.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Zoccolella Stefano, Martino Davide, Defazio Giovanni, Lamberti Paolo and Livrea Paolo, Hyperhomocysteinemia in Movement Disorders: Current Evidence and Hypotheses, Current Vascular Pharmacology 2006; 4 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016106777698414
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016106777698414 |
Print ISSN 1570-1611 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6212 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases: Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Therapy
Ischemic cardiovascular disease includes myocardial infarction, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, angina pectoris, etc., constitute the leading cause of patient mortality by preventing tissues from getting sufficient oxygen and nutrients. Ischemic heart disease, as a clinical condition, is characterized by myocardial ischemia, causing an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and demand, ...read more
TREATMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CHRONIC AND END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE
Cardiovascular disease still remains the leading cause of death in Chronic and End Stage Kidney Disease, accounting for more than half of all deaths in dialysis patients. During the past decade, research has been focused on novel therapeutic agents that might delay or even reverse cardiovascular disease and vascular calcification, ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Variability in Individual Responsiveness to Aspirin: Clinical Implications and Treatment
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Herbal Medicines for Diabetes Management and its Secondary Complications
Current Diabetes Reviews Intestinal Absorption and Presystemic Elimination of Various Chemical Constituents Present in GBE50 Extract, a Standardized Extract of Ginkgo biloba Leaves
Current Drug Metabolism Partial Dopamine Agonists and Dopaminergic Stabilizers, in the Treatment of Psychosis
Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders The Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions in Older Subjects
Current Drug Metabolism Nanoneuromedicines for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia Simple Choline Esters as Potential Anti-Alzheimer Agents
Current Pharmaceutical Design Protein Conformational Misfolding and Amyloid Formation: Characteristics of a New Class of Disorders that Include Alzheimers and Prion Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Hormones in the Mentally Disturbed Brain: Steroids and Peptides in the Development and Treatment of Psychopathology
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Regular Physical Activity and Vascular Aging
Current Pharmaceutical Design Therapy Against Ischemic Injury
Current Pharmaceutical Design Dissecting the Biological Effects of Isoflurane through the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) and microRNAs (miRNAs)
Current Neurovascular Research Astrocytic Target Mechanisms in Epilepsy
Current Medicinal Chemistry Amine Oxidase Inhibitors and Development of Neuroprotective Drugs
Current Neuropharmacology Human Disease and Drug Pharmacology, Complex as Real Life
Current Medicinal Chemistry Differential Diagnosis of Behavioral Variant and Semantic Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia Using Visual Rating Scales
Current Medical Imaging Recombinant Antibody Fragments for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Current Neuropharmacology The Effect of First-in-Class Small Molecule RhoA Inhibitor, HL07, on the Phenylephrine-induced Artery Contraction
Current Pharmaceutical Design Novel Multifunctional Anti-Alzheimer Drugs with Various CNS Neurotransmitter Targets and Neuroprotective Moieties
Current Alzheimer Research An Up-date of Olive Oil Phenols in Inflammation and Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Current Medicinal Chemistry