Generic placeholder image

Current Protein & Peptide Science

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2037
ISSN (Online): 1875-5550

Review Article

Vitamin D and Vitamin D Receptor: New Insights in the Treatment of Hypertension

Author(s): Lin Lin, Lei Zhang, Chao Li, Zhibo Gai* and Yunlun Li*

Volume 20, Issue 10, 2019

Page: [984 - 995] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190807130504

Price: $65

Abstract

Vitamin D, as a natural medicine, is known to regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis. But abundant research has shown that vitamin D also plays a regulatory role in autoimmunity, inflammation, angiogenesis and vascular cell activity. Since the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is widely distributed in vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes, the role of vitamin D and VDR in hypertension has received extensive attention. Hypertension is a disease with high incidence and high cardiovascular risk. In recent years, both clinical trials and animal experiments have shown that vitamin D plays a regulatory role in decreasing blood pressure (BP) through inhibiting renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, modulating function of vascular wall and reducing vascular oxidative stress. A growing body of data suggest that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk in hypertension, even short-term vitamin D deficiency may directly raise BP and promote target organ damage. Due to the high correlation between vitamin D and hypertension, vitamin D supplementation therapy may be a new insight in the treatment of hypertension. The aim of this review will explore the mechanisms of the vitamin D and VDR in regulating the BP and protecting against the target organ damage.

Keywords: Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, hypertension, hypertensive organ damage, therapeutic targets, cardiovascular risk.

« Previous
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Bouillon, R.; Carmeliet, G.; Verlinden, L.; van Etten, E.; Verstuyf, A.; Luderer, H.F.; Lieben, L.; Mathieu, C.; Demay, M. Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr. Rev., 2008, 29(6), 726-776.
[2]
Holick, M.F.; Vitamin, D. Extraskeletal health. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am., 2012, 38(1), 141-160.
[3]
Melamed, M.L.; Michos, E.D.; Post, W.; Astor, B. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Arch. Intern. Med., 2008, 168(15), 1629-1637.
[4]
Forman, J.P.; Giovannucci, E.; Holmes, M.D.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Tworoger, S.S.; Willett, W.C.; Curhan, G.C. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. Hypertension, 2007, 49(5), 1063-1069.
[5]
Wang, T.J.; Pencina, M.J.; Booth, S.L.; Jacques, P.F.; Ingelsson, E.; Lanier, K.; Benjamin, E.J.; D’Agostino, R.B.; Wolf, M.; Vasan, R.S. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 2008, 117(4), 503-511.
[6]
Mithal, A.; Wahl, D.A.; Bonjour, J.P.; Burckhardt, P.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Eisman, J.A.; El-Hajj Fuleihan, G.; Josse, R.G.; Lips, P.; Morales-Torres, J. Group, I.O.F.C.o.S.A.N.W. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos. Int., 2009, 20(11), 1807-1820.
[7]
Dusso, A.S.; Brown, A.J.; Slatopolsky, E.; Vitamin, D. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2005, 289(1), F8-28.
[8]
Norman, P.E.; Powell, J.T. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Circ. Res., 2014, 114(2), 379-393.
[9]
O’Connell, T.D.; Simpson, R.U. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulation of myocardial growth and c-myc levels in the rat heart. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1995, 213(1), 59-65.
[10]
Judd, S.E.; Tangpricha, V. Vitamin D deficiency and risk for cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Med. Sci., 2009, 338(1), 40-44.
[11]
Reichel, H.; Koeffler, H.P.; Norman, A.W. The role of the vitamin D endocrine system in health and disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 1989, 320(15), 980-991.
[12]
Norman, A.W. Minireview: vitamin D receptor: New assignments for an already busy receptor. Endocrinology, 2006, 147(12), 5542-5548.
[13]
Nibbelink, K.A.; Tishkoff, D.X.; Hershey, S.D.; Rahman, A.; Simpson, R.U. 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 actions on cell proliferation, size, gene expression, and receptor localization, in the HL-1 cardiac myocyte. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2007, 103(3-5), 533-537.
[14]
Zhao, G.; Simpson, R.U. Membrane localization, Caveolin-3 association and rapid actions of vitamin D receptor in cardiac myocytes. Steroids, 2010, 75(8-9), 555-559.
[15]
Tishkoff, D.X.; Nibbelink, K.A.; Holmberg, K.H.; Dandu, L.; Simpson, R.U. Functional vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the t tubules of cardiac myocytes: VDR knockout cardiomyocyte contractility. Endocrinology, 2008, 149(2), 558-564.
[16]
Cianciolo, G.; La Manna, G.; Cappuccilli, M.L.; Lanci, N.; Della Bella, E.; Cuna, V.; Dormi, A.; Todeschini, P.; Donati, G.; Alviano, F.; Costa, R.; Bagnara, G.P.; Stefoni, S. VDR expression on circulating endothelial progenitor cells in dialysis patients is modulated by 25(OH)D serum levels and calcitriol therapy. Blood Purif., 2011, 32(3), 161-173.
[17]
Bozic, M.; Alvarez, A.; de Pablo, C.; Sanchez-Nino, M.D.; Ortiz, A.; Dolcet, X.; Encinas, M.; Fernandez, E.; Valdivielso, J.M. Impaired vitamin D signaling in endothelial cell leads to an enhanced leukocyte-endothelium interplay: Implications for atherosclerosis development. PLoS One, 2015, 10(8)e0136863
[18]
Meyer, V.; Bornman, L. Cdx-2 polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) marks VDR expression in monocyte/macrophages through VDR promoter methylation. Immunogenetics, 2018, 70(8), 523-532.
[19]
Cantorna, M.T. Why do T cells express the vitamin D receptor? Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2011, 1217, 77-82.
[20]
Nemere, I.; Schwartz, Z.; Pedrozo, H.; Sylvia, V.L.; Dean, D.D.; Boyan, B.D. Identification of a membrane receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 which mediates rapid activation of protein kinase C. J. Bone Miner. Res., 1998, 13(9), 1353-1359.
[21]
Marcinkowska, E. A run for a membrane vitamin D receptor. Biol. Signals Recept., 2001, 10(6), 341-349.
[22]
Yang, L.; Ma, J.; Zhang, X.; Fan, Y.; Wang, L. Protective role of the vitamin D receptor. Cell. Immunol., 2012, 279(2), 160-166.
[23]
Huhtakangas, J.A.; Olivera, C.J.; Bishop, J.E.; Zanello, L.P.; Norman, A.W. The vitamin D receptor is present in caveolae-enriched plasma membranes and binds 1 alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 in vivo and in vitro. Mol. Endocrinol., 2004, 18(11), 2660-2671.
[24]
Norman, A.W. Receptors for 1alpha,25(OH)2D3: Past, present, and future. J. Bone Miner. Res., 1998, 13(9), 1360-1369.
[25]
Norman, A.W.; Mizwicki, M.T.; Norman, D.P. Steroid-hormone rapid actions, membrane receptors and a conformational ensemble model. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2004, 3(1), 27-41.
[26]
Abbas, M.A. Physiological functions of Vitamin D in adipose tissue. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2017, 165(Pt B), 369-381.,
[27]
Holick, M.F. Vitamin D deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med., 2007, 357(3), 266-281.
[28]
Holick, M.F.; Binkley, N.C.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Gordon, C.M.; Hanley, D.A.; Heaney, R.P.; Murad, M.H.; Weaver, C.M.; Endocrine, S. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2011, 96(7), 1911-1930.
[29]
Pludowski, P.; Karczmarewicz, E.; Bayer, M.; Carter, G.; Chlebna-Sokol, D.; Czech-Kowalska, J.; Debski, R.; Decsi, T.; Dobrzanska, A.; Franek, E.; Gluszko, P.; Grant, W.B.; Holick, M.F.; Yankovskaya, L.; Konstantynowicz, J.; Ksiazyk, J.B.; Ksiezopolska-Orlowska, K.; Lewinski, A.; Litwin, M.; Lohner, S.; Lorenc, R.S.; Lukaszkiewicz, J.; Marcinowska-Suchowierska, E.; Milewicz, A.; Misiorowski, W.; Nowicki, M.; Povoroznyuk, V.; Rozentryt, P.; Rudenka, E.; Shoenfeld, Y.; Socha, P.; Solnica, B.; Szalecki, M.; Talalaj, M.; Varbiro, S.; Zmijewski, M.A. Practical guidelines for the supplementation of vitamin D and the treatment of deficits in Central Europe - recommended vitamin D intakes in the general population and groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Endokrynol. Pol., 2013, 64(4), 319-327.
[30]
Yaturu, S.; Youngberg, B.; Zdunek, S. Vitamin D levels in subjects with or without chronic kidney disease among Veterans with diabetes in North East United States. World J. Diabetes, 2017, 8(7), 346-350.
[31]
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calciumand-Vitamin-D (Accessed March 7, 2013).
[32]
Sempos, C.T.; Heijboer, A.C.; Bikle, D.D.; Bollerslev, J.; Bouillon, R.; Brannon, P.M.; DeLuca, H.F.; Jones, G.; Munns, C.F.; Bilezikian, J.P.; Giustina, A.; Binkley, N. Vitamin D assays and the definition of hypovitaminosis D: Results from the First International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2018, 84(10), 2194-2207.
[33]
Holick, M.F.; Vitamin, D. A d-lightful solution for health. J. Investig. Med., 2011, 59(6), 872-880.
[34]
Wang, L.; Ma, J.; Manson, J.E.; Buring, J.E.; Gaziano, J.M.; Sesso, H.D. A prospective study of plasma vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and risk of hypertension in men. Eur. J. Nutr., 2013, 52(7), 1771-1779.
[35]
Robinson-Cohen, C.; Hoofnagle, A.N.; Ix, J.H.; Sachs, M.C.; Tracy, R.P.; Siscovick, D.S.; Kestenbaum, B.R.; de Boer, I.H. Racial differences in the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with coronary heart disease events. JAMA, 2013, 310(2), 179-188.
[36]
Verdoia, M.; Schaffer, A.; Barbieri, L.; Di Giovine, G.; Marino, P.; Suryapranata, H.; De Luca, G. Novara Atherosclerosis Study, G. Impact of gender difference on vitamin D status and its relationship with the extent of coronary artery disease. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis., 2015, 25(5), 464-470.
[37]
Rosina, K.T.C.; Menna Barreto, A.P.M.; Pontes, K.S.S.; Martins, C.J.M.; Souza, E.; Bregman, R.; Barreto Silva, M.I.; Klein, M. Vitamin D status in renal transplant recipients living in a low-latitude city: Association with body fat, cardiovascular risk factors, estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria. Br. J. Nutr., 2017, 117(9), 1279-1290.
[38]
MacDonald, K.; Godziuk, K.; Yap, J.; LaFrance, R.; Ansarian, M.; Haqq, A.; Mager, D.R. Vitamin D status, cardiometabolic, liver, and mental health status in obese youth attending a pediatric weight management center. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 2017, 65(4), 462-466.
[39]
Blum, M.; Dolnikowski, G.; Seyoum, E.; Harris, S.S.; Booth, S.L.; Peterson, J.; Saltzman, E.; Dawson-Hughes, B. Vitamin D(3) in fat tissue. Endocrine, 2008, 33(1), 90-94.
[40]
De Souza Silva, J.; Pereira, S.E.; Saboya Sobrinho, C.J.; Ramalho, A. Obesity, related diseases and their relationship with vitamin D de fi ciency in adolescents. Nutr. Hosp., 2016, 33(4), 381.
[41]
van Schoor, N.M.; Lips, P. Worldwide vitamin D status. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2011, 25(4), 671-680.
[42]
Bandeira, F.; Griz, L.; Dreyer, P.; Eufrazino, C.; Bandeira, C.; Freese, E. Vitamin D deficiency: A global perspective. Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol, 2006, 50(4), 640-646.
[43]
Haq, A.; Svobodova, J.; Imran, S.; Stanford, C.; Razzaque, M.S. Vitamin D deficiency: A single centre analysis of patients from 136 countries. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2016, 164, 209-213.
[44]
Man, R.E.; Li, L.J.; Cheng, C.Y.; Wong, T.Y.; Lamoureux, E.; Sabanayagam, C. Prevalence and determinants of suboptimal vitamin D levels in a multiethnic asian population. Nutrients, 2017, 9(3), 313.
[45]
Schleicher, R.L.; Sternberg, M.R.; Lacher, D.A.; Sempos, C.T.; Looker, A.C.; Durazo-Arvizu, R.A.; Yetley, E.A.; Chaudhary-Webb, M.; Maw, K.L.; Pfeiffer, C.M.; Johnson, C.L. The vitamin D status of the US population from 1988 to 2010 using standardized serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D shows recent modest increases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2016, 104(2), 454-461.
[46]
Anderson, J.L.; May, H.T.; Horne, B.D.; Bair, T.L.; Hall, N.L.; Carlquist, J.F.; Lappe, D.L.; Muhlestein, J.B. Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study, G. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am. J. Cardiol., 2010, 106(7), 963-968.
[47]
Ringrose, J.S. PausJenssen, A.M.; Wilson, M.; Blanco, L.; Ward, H.; Wilson, T.W. Vitamin D and hypertension in pregnancy. Clin. Invest. Med., 2011, 34(3), E147-E154.
[48]
Kao, K.T.; Abidi, N.; Ranasinha, S.; Brown, J.; Rodda, C.; McCallum, Z.; Zacharin, M.; Simm, P.J.; Magnussen, C.G.; Sabin, M.A. Low vitamin D is associated with hypertension in paediatric obesity. J. Paediatr. Child Health, 2015, 51(12), 1207-1213.
[49]
Vishnu, A.; Ahuja, V. Vitamin D and blood pressure among U.S. adults: A Cross-sectional examination by race/ethnicity and gender. Am. J. Prev. Med., 2017, 53(5), 670-679.
[50]
Vimaleswaran, K.S.; Cavadino, A.; Berry, D.J. LifeLines Cohort Study, I.; Jorde, R.; Dieffenbach, A.K.; Lu, C.; Alves, A.C.; Heerspink, H.J.; Tikkanen, E.; Eriksson, J.; Wong, A.; Mangino, M.; Jablonski, K.A.; Nolte, I.M.; Houston, D.K.; Ahluwalia, T.S.; van der Most, P.J.; Pasko, D.; Zgaga, L.; Thiering, E.; Vitart, V.; Fraser, R.M.; Huffman, J.E.; de Boer, R.A.; Schottker, B.; Saum, K.U.; McCarthy, M.I.; Dupuis, J.; Herzig, K.H.; Sebert, S.; Pouta, A.; Laitinen, J.; Kleber, M.E.; Navis, G.; Lorentzon, M.; Jameson, K.; Arden, N.; Cooper, J.A.; Acharya, J.; Hardy, R.; Raitakari, O.; Ripatti, S.; Billings, L.K.; Lahti, J.; Osmond, C.; Penninx, B. W.; Rejnmark, L.; Lohman, K.K.; Paternoster, L.; Stolk, R.P.; Hernandez, D.G.; Byberg, L.; Hagstrom, E.; Melhus, H.; Ingelsson, E.; Mellstrom, D.; Ljunggren, O.; Tzoulaki, I.; McLachlan, S.; Theodoratou, E.; Tiesler, C.M.; Jula, A.; Navarro, P.; Wright, A.F.; Polasek, O.; International Consortium for Blood, P.; Cohorts for, H.; Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology, C.; Global Blood Pressure Genetics, C.; Caroline, H.; Wilson, J.F.; Rudan, I.; Salomaa, V.; Heinrich, J.; Campbell, H.; Price, J.F.; Karlsson, M.; Lind, L.; Michaelsson, K.; Bandinelli, S.; Frayling, T.M.; Hartman, C.A.; Sorensen, T.I.; Kritchevsky, S.B.; Langdahl, B.L.; Eriksson, J.G.; Florez, J.C.; Spector, T.D.; Lehtimaki, T.; Kuh, D.; Humphries, S.E.; Cooper, C.; Ohlsson, C.; Marz, W.; de Borst, M.H.; Kumari, M.; Kivimaki, M.; Wang, T.J.; Power, C.; Brenner, H.; Grimnes, G.; van der Harst, P.; Snieder, H.; Hingorani, A.D.; Pilz, S.; Whittaker, J.C.; Jarvelin, M.R.; Hypponen, E. Association of vitamin D status with arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk: A mendelian randomisation study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol., 2014, 2(9), 719-729.
[51]
Burgaz, A.; Orsini, N.; Larsson, S.C.; Wolk, A. Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and hypertension: A meta-analysis. J. Hypertens., 2011, 29(4), 636-645.
[52]
Zhang, M.; Xu, X.; Liu, H.; Li, H.; Zhang, J.; Gao, M. Nocturnal diastolic blood pressure decline is associated with higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and standing plasma renin activity in a hypertensive population. Clin. Exp. Hypertens., 2017, 39(8), 685-690.
[53]
Poss, J.; Mahfoud, F.; Ukena, C.; Esler, M.D.; Schlaich, M.; Hering, D.; Cremers, B.; Laufs, U.; Bohm, M. Association of vitamin D status and blood pressure response after renal denervation. Clin. Res. Cardiol., 2014, 103(1), 41-47.
[54]
Demir, M.; Gunay, T.; Ozmen, G.; Melek, M. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and nondipper hypertension. Clin. Exp. Hypertens., 2013, 35(1), 45-49.
[55]
Yilmaz, S.; Sen, F.; Ozeke, O.; Temizhan, A.; Topaloglu, S.; Aras, D.; Aydogdu, S. The relationship between vitamin D levels and nondipper hypertension. Blood Press. Monit., 2015, 20(6), 330-334.
[56]
Forman, J.P.; Curhan, G.C.; Taylor, E.N. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension among young women. Hypertension, 2008, 52(5), 828-832.
[57]
Campbell, D.J. Circulating and tissue angiotensin systems. J. Clin. Invest., 1987, 79(1), 1-6.
[58]
Johnston, C.I. Franz Volhard Lecture. Renin-angiotensin system: a dual tissue and hormonal system for cardiovascular control. J. Hypertens. Suppl., 1992, 10(7), S13-S26.
[59]
Li, Y.C.; Kong, J.; Wei, M.; Chen, Z.F.; Liu, S.Q.; Cao, L.P. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 110(2), 229-238.
[60]
Kong, J.; Li, Y.C. Effect of ANG II type I receptor antagonist and ACE inhibitor on vitamin D receptor-null mice. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2003, 285(1), R255-R261.
[61]
Xiang, W.; Kong, J.; Chen, S.; Cao, L.P.; Qiao, G.; Zheng, W.; Liu, W.; Li, X.; Gardner, D.G.; Li, Y.C. Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2005, 288(1), E125-E132.
[62]
Kong, J.; Qiao, G.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, S.Q.; Li, Y.C. Targeted vitamin D receptor expression in juxtaglomerular cells suppresses renin expression independent of parathyroid hormone and calcium. Kidney Int., 2008, 74(12), 1577-1581.
[63]
Zhou, C.; Lu, F.; Cao, K.; Xu, D.; Goltzman, D.; Miao, D. Calcium-independent and 1,25(OH)2D3-dependent regulation of the renin-angiotensin system in 1alpha-hydroxylase knockout mice. Kidney Int., 2008, 74(2), 170-179.
[64]
Cheng, Q.; Li, Y.C.; Boucher, B.J.; Leung, P.S. A novel role for vitamin D: modulation of expression and function of the local renin-angiotensin system in mouse pancreatic islets. Diabetologia, 2011, 54(8), 2077-2081.
[65]
Qiao, G.; Kong, J.; Uskokovic, M.; Li, Y.C. Analogs of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) as novel inhibitors of renin biosynthesis. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2005, 96(1), 59-66.
[66]
Kong, J.; Kim, G.H.; Wei, M.; Sun, T.; Li, G.; Liu, S.Q.; Li, X.; Bhan, I.; Zhao, Q.; Thadhani, R.; Li, Y.C. Therapeutic effects of vitamin D analogs on cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Pathol., 2010, 177(2), 622-631.
[67]
Yuan, W.; Pan, W.; Kong, J.; Zheng, W.; Szeto, F.L.; Wong, K.E.; Cohen, R.; Klopot, A.; Zhang, Z.; Li, Y.C. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses renin gene transcription by blocking the activity of the cyclic AMP response element in the renin gene promoter. J. Biol. Chem., 2007, 282(41), 29821-29830.
[68]
Burgess, E.D.; Hawkins, R.G.; Watanabe, M. Interaction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and plasma renin activity in high renin essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens., 1990, 3(12 Pt 1), 903-905.
[69]
Yankovskaya, L. Relationship of plasma renin activity with structural-functional state of myocardium and with parameters of endothelial function at different levels of vitamin D in patients with arterial hypertension. Eur. Heart J., 2017, 38(suppl. 1), 1365-1366.
[70]
Carrara, D.; Bernini, M.; Bacca, A.; Rugani, I.; Duranti, E.; Virdis, A.; Ghiadoni, L.; Taddei, S.; Bernini, G. Cholecalciferol administration blunts the systemic renin-angiotensin system in essential hypertensives with hypovitaminosis D. J. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst., 2014, 15(1), 82-87.
[71]
Grubler, M.R.; Gaksch, M.; Kienreich, K.; Verheyen, N.; Schmid, J. BW, O.H.; Richtig, G.; Scharnagl, H.; Meinitzer, A.; Pieske, B.; Fahrleitner-Pammer, A.; Marz, W.; Tomaschitz, A.; Pilz, S. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on plasma aldosterone and renin-A randomized placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich), 2016, 18(7), 608-613.
[72]
Vaidya, A.; Sun, B.; Larson, C.; Forman, J.P.; Williams, J.S. Vitamin D3 therapy corrects the tissue sensitivity to angiotensin II akin to the action of a converting enzyme inhibitor in obese hypertensives: An interventional study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2012, 97(7), 2456-2465.
[73]
McMullan, C.J.; Borgi, L.; Curhan, G.C.; Fisher, N.; Forman, J.P. The effect of vitamin D on renin-angiotensin system activation and blood pressure: A randomized control trial. J. Hypertens., 2017, 35(4), 822-829.
[74]
Zaheer, S.; Taquechel, K.; Brown, J.M.; Adler, G.K.; Williams, J.S.; Vaidya, A. A randomized intervention study to evaluate the effect of calcitriol therapy on the renin-angiotensin system in diabetes. J. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst., 2018, 19(1)1470320317754178
[75]
Cremer, A.; Tambosco, C.; Corcuff, J.B.; Boulestreau, R.; Gaillard, P.; Laine, M.; Papaioannou, G.; Gosse, P. Investigating the association of vitamin D with blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive subjects: a cross-sectional prospective study. J. Hum. Hypertens., 2018, 32(2), 114-121.
[76]
Bukoski, R.D.; Wang, D.B.; Wagman, D.W. Injection of 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 enhances resistance artery contractile properties. Hypertension, 1990, 16(5), 523-531.
[77]
Petrofsky, J.; Alshammari, F.; Khowailed, I.A.; Rodrigues, S.; Potnis, P.; Akerkar, S.; Shah, J.; Chung, G.; Save, R. The effect of acute administration of vitamin D on micro vascular endothelial function in Caucasians and South Asian Indians. Med. Sci. Monit., 2013, 19, 641-647.
[78]
Maggio, M.; De Vita, F.; Lauretani, F.; Ceda, G.P.; Volpi, E.; Giallauria, F.; De Cicco, G.; Cattabiani, C.; Melhus, H.; Michaelsson, K.; Cederholm, T.; Lind, L. Vitamin D and endothelial vasodilation in older individuals: Data from the PIVUS study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2014, 99(9), 3382-3389.
[79]
Munisamy, S.; Kamaliah, M.D.; Suhaidarwani, A.H.; Zahiruddin, W.M.; Rasool, A.H. Impaired microvascular endothelial function in vitamin D-deficient diabetic nephropathy patients. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown), 2013, 14(6), 466-471.
[80]
Meems, L.M.; Mahmud, H.; Buikema, H.; Tost, J.; Michel, S.; Takens, J.; Verkaik-Schakel, R.N.; Vreeswijk-Baudoin, I.; Mateo-Leach, I.V.; van der Harst, P.; Plosch, T.; de Boer, R.A. Parental vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is associated with increased blood pressure in offspring via Panx1 hypermethylation. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2016, 311(6), H1459-H1469.
[81]
Oz, F.; Cizgici, A.Y.; Oflaz, H.; Elitok, A.; Karaayvaz, E.B.; Mercanoglu, F.; Bugra, Z.; Omer, B.; Adalet, K.; Oncul, A. Impact of vitamin D insufficiency on the epicardial coronary flow velocity and endothelial function. Coron. Artery Dis., 2013, 24(5), 392-397.
[82]
Ertek, S.; Akgul, E.; Cicero, A.F.; Kutuk, U.; Demirtas, S.; Cehreli, S.; Erdogan, G. 25-Hydroxy vitamin D levels and endothelial vasodilator function in normotensive women. Arch. Med. Sci., 2012, 8(1), 47-52.
[83]
Al Mheid, I.; Patel, R.; Murrow, J.; Morris, A.; Rahman, A.; Fike, L.; Kavtaradze, N.; Uphoff, I.; Hooper, C.; Tangpricha, V.; Alexander, R.W.; Brigham, K.; Quyyumi, A.A. Vitamin D status is associated with arterial stiffness and vascular dysfunction in healthy humans. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2011, 58(2), 186-192.
[84]
Seker, T.; Gur, M.; Kuloglu, O.; Kalkan, G.Y.; Sahin, D.Y.; Turkoglu, C.; Elbasan, Z.; Baykan, A.O.; Gozubuyuk, G.; Cayli, M. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with both arterial and ventricular stiffness in healthy subjects. J. Cardiol., 2013, 62(6), 361-365.
[85]
Carrara, D.; Bruno, R.M.; Bacca, A.; Taddei, S.; Duranti, E.; Ghiadoni, L.; Bernini, G. Cholecalciferol treatment downregulates renin-angiotensin system and improves endothelial function in essential hypertensive patients with hypovitaminosid D. J. Hypertens., 2016, 34(11), 2199-2205.
[86]
Chitalia, N.; Ismail, T.; Tooth, L.; Boa, F.; Hampson, G.; Goldsmith, D.; Kaski, J.C.; Banerjee, D. Impact of vitamin D supplementation on arterial vasomotion, stiffness and endothelial biomarkers in chronic kidney disease patients. PLoS One, 2014, 9(3)e91363
[87]
Mazidi, M.; Karimi, E.; Rezaie, P.; Vatanparast, H. The impact of vitamin D supplement intake on vascular endothelial function; A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Nutr. Res., 2017, 61(1)1273574
[88]
Gibson, C.C.; Davis, C.T.; Zhu, W.; Bowman-Kirigin, J.A.; Walker, A.E.; Tai, Z.; Thomas, K.R.; Donato, A.J.; Lesniewski, L.A.; Li, D.Y. Dietary vitamin D and its metabolites non genomically stabilize the endothelium. PLoS One, 2015, 10(10)e0140370
[89]
Vila Cuenca, M.; van Bezu, J.; Beelen, R.H.J.; Vervloet, M.G.; Hordijk, P.L. Stabilization of cell-cell junctions by active vitamin D ameliorates uraemia-induced loss of human endothelial barrier function. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2019, 34(2), 252-264.
[90]
Molinari, C.; Uberti, F.; Grossini, E.; Vacca, G.; Carda, S.; Invernizzi, M.; Cisari, C. 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol induces nitric oxide production in cultured endothelial cells. Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 2011, 27(6), 661-668.
[91]
Andrukhova, O.; Slavic, S.; Zeitz, U.; Riesen, S.C.; Heppelmann, M.S.; Ambrisko, T.D.; Markovic, M.; Kuebler, W.M.; Erben, R.G. Vitamin D is a regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and arterial stiffness in mice. Mol. Endocrinol., 2014, 28(1), 53-64.
[92]
Ni, W.; Watts, S.W.; Ng, M.; Chen, S.; Glenn, D.J.; Gardner, D.G. Elimination of vitamin D receptor in vascular endothelial cells alters vascular function. Hypertension, 2014, 64(6), 1290-1298.
[93]
Grundmann, M.; Haidar, M.; Placzko, S.; Niendorf, R.; Darashchonak, N.; Hubel, C.A.; von Versen-Hoynck, F. Vitamin D improves the angiogenic properties of endothelial progenitor cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 2012, 303(9), C954-C962.
[94]
Wong, M.S.; Delansorne, R.; Man, R.Y.; Vanhoutte, P.M. Vitamin D derivatives acutely reduce endothelium-dependent contractions in the aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2008, 295(1), H289-H296.
[95]
Zoccali, C.; Torino, C.; Curatola, G.; Panuccio, V.; Tripepi, R.; Pizzini, P.; Versace, M.; Bolignano, D.; Cutrupi, S.; Ghiadoni, L.; Thadhani, R.; Tripepi, G.; Mallamaci, F. Serum phosphate modifies the vascular response to vitamin D receptor activation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis., 2016, 26(7), 581-589.
[96]
Zhong, W.; Gu, B.; Gu, Y.; Groome, L.J.; Sun, J.; Wang, Y. Activation of vitamin D receptor promotes VEGF and CuZn-SOD expression in endothelial cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2014, 140, 56-62.
[97]
Khan, A.; Dawoud, H.; Malinski, T. Nanomedical studies of the restoration of nitric oxide/peroxynitrite balance in dysfunctional endothelium by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 - clinical implications for cardiovascular diseases. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 2018, 13, 455-466.
[98]
Dong, J.; Wong, S.L.; Lau, C.W.; Lee, H.K.; Ng, C.F.; Zhang, L.; Yao, X.; Chen, Z.Y.; Vanhoutte, P.M.; Huang, Y. Calcitriol protects renovascular function in hypertension by down-regulating angiotensin II type 1 receptors and reducing oxidative stress. Eur. Heart J., 2012, 33(23), 2980-2990.
[99]
Salum, E.; Kals, J.; Kampus, P.; Salum, T.; Zilmer, K.; Aunapuu, M.; Arend, A.; Eha, J.; Zilmer, M. Vitamin D reduces deposition of advanced glycation end-products in the aortic wall and systemic oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2013, 100(2), 243-249.
[100]
Valcheva, P.; Cardus, A.; Panizo, S.; Parisi, E.; Bozic, M.; Lopez Novoa, J.M.; Dusso, A.; Fernandez, E.; Valdivielso, J.M. Lack of vitamin D receptor causes stress-induced premature senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells through enhanced local angiotensin-II signals. Atherosclerosis, 2014, 235(2), 247-255.
[101]
Gonzalez-Pardo, V.; D’Elia, N.; Verstuyf, A.; Boland, R.; Russo de Boland, A. NFkappaB pathway is down-regulated by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) in endothelial cells transformed by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus G protein coupled receptor. Steroids, 2012, 77(11), 1025-1032.
[102]
Zitman-Gal, T.; Golan, E.; Green, J.; Bernheim, J.; Benchetrit, S. Vitamin D receptor activation in a diabetic-like environment: potential role in the activity of the endothelial pro-inflammatory and thioredoxin pathways. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2012, 132(1-2), 1-7.
[103]
Talmor, Y.; Golan, E.; Benchetrit, S.; Bernheim, J.; Klein, O.; Green, J.; Rashid, G. Calcitriol blunts the deleterious impact of advanced glycation end products on endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2008, 294(5), F1059-F1064.
[104]
Martinez-Moreno, J.M.; Herencia, C.; Montes de Oca, A.; Munoz-Castaneda, J.R.; Rodriguez-Ortiz, M.E.; Diaz-Tocados, J.M.; Peralbo-Santaella, E.; Camargo, A.; Canalejo, A.; Rodriguez, M.; Velasco-Gimena, F.; Almaden, Y. Vitamin D modulates tissue factor and protease-activated receptor 2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J., 2016, 30(3), 1367-1376.
[105]
Ohsawa, M.; Koyama, T.; Yamamoto, K.; Hirosawa, S.; Kamei, S.; Kamiyama, R. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and its potent synthetic analogs downregulate tissue factor and upregulate thrombomodulin expression in monocytic cells, counteracting the effects of tumor necrosis factor and oxidized LDL. Circulation, 2000, 102(23), 2867-2872.
[106]
Husain, K.; Suarez, E.; Isidro, A.; Ferder, L. Effects of paricalcitol and enalapril on atherosclerotic injury in mouse aortas. Am. J. Nephrol., 2010, 32(4), 296-304.
[107]
Goff, D.C., Jr; Zaccaro, D.J.; Haffner, S.M.; Saad, M.F. Insulin sensitivity and the risk of incident hypertension: Insights from the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care, 2003, 26(3), 805-809.
[108]
Saad, M.F.; Rewers, M.; Selby, J.; Howard, G.; Jinagouda, S.; Fahmi, S.; Zaccaro, D.; Bergman, R.N.; Savage, P.J.; Haffner, S.M. Insulin resistance and hypertension: The insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Hypertension, 2004, 43(6), 1324-1331.
[109]
Xing, W.; Li, Y.; Zhang, H.; Mi, C.; Hou, Z.; Quon, M.J.; Gao, F. Improvement of vascular insulin sensitivity by downregulation of GRK2 mediates exercise-induced alleviation of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2013, 305(8), H1111-H1119.
[110]
Lampinen, K.H.; Ronnback, M.; Groop, P.H.; Kaaja, R.J. A relationship between insulin sensitivity and vasodilation in women with a history of preeclamptic pregnancy. Hypertension, 2008, 52(2), 394-401.
[111]
Kopf, D.; Mhlen, I.; Krning, G.; Sendzik, I.; Huschke, B.; Lehnert, H. Insulin sensitivity and sodium excretion in normotensive offspring and hypertensive patients. Metabolism, 2001, 50(8), 929-935.
[112]
Salomaa, V.; Riley, W.; Kark, J.D.; Nardo, C.; Folsom, A.R. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and fasting glucose and insulin concentrations are associated with arterial stiffness indexes. The ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circulation, 1995, 91(5), 1432-1443.
[113]
Godsland, I.F.; Crook, D.; Walton, C.; Wynn, V.; Oliver, M.F. Influence of insulin resistance, secretion, and clearance on serum cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure in healthy men. Arterioscler. Thromb., 1992, 12(9), 1030-1035.
[114]
Agata, J.; Miyazaki, Y.; Takada, M.; Murakami, H.; Masuda, A.; Miura, T.; Ura, N.; Shimamoto, K. Association of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia with disturbed lipid metabolism in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens. Res., 1998, 21(1), 57-62.
[115]
D’Elia, L.; Strazzullo, P. Excess body weight, insulin resistance and isolated systolic hypertension: potential pathophysiological links. High Blood Press. Cardiovasc. Prev., 2017, 25(1), 17-23.
[116]
Gul, A.; Ozer, S.; Yilmaz, R.; Sonmezgoz, E.; Kasap, T.; Takci, S.; Demir, O. Association between vitamin D levels and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children and adolescents. Nutr. Hosp., 2017, 34(2), 323-329.
[117]
Hadjadj, L.; Varbiro, S.; Horvath, E.M.; Monori-Kiss, A.; Pal, E.; Karvaly, G.B.; Heinzlmann, A.; Magyar, A.; Szabo, I.; Sziva, R.E.; Benyo, Z.; Buday, M.; Nadasy, G.L. Insulin resistance in an animal model of polycystic ovary disease is aggravated by vitamin D deficiency: Vascular consequences. Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res., 2018, 15(4), 294-301.
[118]
Oh, J.; Weng, S.; Felton, S.K.; Bhandare, S.; Riek, A.; Butler, B.; Proctor, B.M.; Petty, M.; Chen, Z.; Schechtman, K.B.; Bernal-Mizrachi, L.; Bernal-Mizrachi, C. 1,25(OH)2 vitamin d inhibits foam cell formation and suppresses macrophage cholesterol uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation, 2009, 120(8), 687-698.
[119]
Naesgaard, P.A.; Leon De La Fuente, R.A.; Nilsen, S.T.; Woie, L.; Aarsland, T.; Brede, C.; Staines, H.; Nilsen, D.W. Serum 25(OH)D is a 2-year predictor of all-cause mortality, cardiac death and sudden cardiac death in chest pain patients from Northern Argentina. PLoS One, 2012, 7(9)e43228
[120]
Zittermann, A.; Kuhn, J.; Dreier, J.; Knabbe, C.; Gummert, J.F.; Borgermann, J. Vitamin D status and the risk of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in cardiac surgery. Eur. Heart J., 2013, 34(18), 1358-1364.
[121]
Campos, R.M.; Masquio, D.C.; Corgosinho, F.C.; Carvalho-Ferreira, J.P.; Netto, B.D.; Ackel-D’Elia, C.; Tock, L.; Tufik, S.; de Mello, M.T.; Damaso, A.R. Low vitamin D intake is associated with increase in cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescents. Endocr. Regul., 2015, 49(1), 11-19.
[122]
Moretti, H.D.; Colucci, V.J.; Berry, B.D. Vitamin D3 repletion versus placebo as adjunctive treatment of heart failure patient quality of life and hormonal indices: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 2017, 17(1), 274.
[123]
Bonakdaran, S.; Nejad, A.F.; Abdol-Reza, V.; Hatefi, A.; Shakeri, M. Impact of oral 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol) replacement therapy on coronary artery risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets, 2013, 13(4), 295-300.
[124]
McGreevy, C.; Barry, M.; Davenport, C.; Byrne, B.; Donaghy, C.; Collier, G.; Tormey, W.; Smith, D.; Bennett, K.; Williams, D. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on arterial stiffness in an elderly community-based population. J. Am. Soc. Hypertens., 2015, 9(3), 176-183.
[125]
Grubler, M.R.; Gaksch, M.; Kienreich, K.; Verheyen, N.; Schmid, J. B, O.H.; Richtig, G.; Scharnagl, H.; Meinitzer, A.; Fahrleitner-Pammer, A.; Marz, W.; Tomaschitz, A.; Pilz, S. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycated haemoglobin and fasting glucose levels in hypertensive patients: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 2016, 18(10), 1006-1012.
[126]
Andersen, L.B.; Przybyl, L.; Haase, N.; von Versen-Hoynck, F.; Qadri, F.; Jorgensen, J.S.; Sorensen, G.L.; Fruekilde, P.; Poglitsch, M.; Szijarto, I.; Gollasch, M.; Peters, J.; Muller, D.N.; Christesen, H.T.; Dechend, R. Vitamin D depletion aggravates hypertension and target-organ damage. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 2015, 4(2)e001417
[127]
Tanaka, H.; Kataoka, M.; Isobe, S.; Yamamoto, T.; Shirakawa, K.; Endo, J.; Satoh, T.; Hakamata, Y.; Kobayashi, E.; Sano, M.; Fukuda, K. Therapeutic impact of dietary vitamin D supplementation for preventing right ventricular remodeling and improving survival in pulmonary hypertension. PLoS One, 2017, 12(7)e0180615
[128]
Eltablawy, N.; Ashour, H.; Rashed, L.A.; Hamza, W.M. Vitamin D protection from rat diabetic nephropathy is partly mediated through Klotho expression and renin-angiotensin inhibition. Arch. Physiol. Biochem., 2018, 124(5), 461-467.
[129]
Arfian, N.; Kusuma, M.H.; Anggorowati, N.; Nugroho, D.B.; Jeffilano, A.; Suzuki, Y.; Ikeda, K.; Emoto, N. Vitamin D upregulates endothelin-1, ETBR, eNOS mRNA expression and attenuates vascular remodelling and ischemia in kidney fibrosis model in mice. Physiol. Res., 2018, 67(Supplementum. 1), S137-S147.
[130]
Weng, S.; Sprague, J.E.; Oh, J.; Riek, A.E.; Chin, K.; Garcia, M.; Bernal-Mizrachi, C. Vitamin D deficiency induces high blood pressure and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. PLoS One, 2013, 8(1)e54625
[131]
Pal, E.; Hadjadj, L.; Fontanyi, Z.; Monori-Kiss, A.; Mezei, Z.; Lippai, N.; Magyar, A.; Heinzlmann, A.; Karvaly, G.; Monos, E.; Nadasy, G.; Benyo, Z.; Varbiro, S. Vitamin D deficiency causes inward hypertrophic remodeling and alters vascular reactivity of rat cerebral arterioles. PLoS One, 2018, 13(2)e0192480
[132]
Reynolds, J.A.; Haque, S.; Williamson, K.; Ray, D.W.; Alexander, M.Y.; Bruce, I.N. Vitamin D improves endothelial dysfunction and restores myeloid angiogenic cell function via reduced CXCL-10 expression in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6, 22341.
[133]
Forman, J.P.; Scott, J.B.; Ng, K.; Drake, B.F.; Suarez, E.G.; Hayden, D.L.; Bennett, G.G.; Chandler, P.D.; Hollis, B.W.; Emmons, K.M.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Fuchs, C.S.; Chan, A.T. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure in blacks. Hypertension, 2013, 61(4), 779-785.
[134]
Sluyter, J.D.; Camargo, C.A., Jr; Stewart, A.W.; Waayer, D.; Lawes, C.M.M.; Toop, L.; Khaw, K.T.; Thom, S.A.M.; Hametner, B.; Wassertheurer, S.; Parker, K.H.; Hughes, A.D.; Scragg, R. Effect of monthly, high-dose, long-term vitamin D supplementation on central blood pressure parameters: A randomized controlled trial substudy. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 2017, 6(10)e006802
[135]
Bressendorff, I.; Brandi, L.; Schou, M.; Nygaard, B.; Frandsen, N.E.; Rasmussen, K.; Odum, L.; Ostergaard, O.V.; Hansen, D. The effect of high dose cholecalciferol on arterial stiffness and peripheral and central blood pressure in healthy humans: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 2016, 11(8)e0160905
[136]
Pilz, S.; Gaksch, M.; Kienreich, K.; Grubler, M.; Verheyen, N.; Fahrleitner-Pammer, A.; Treiber, G.; Drechsler, C. B, O.H.; Obermayer-Pietsch, B.; Schwetz, V.; Aberer, F.; Mader, J.; Scharnagl, H.; Meinitzer, A.; Lerchbaum, E.; Dekker, J. M.; Zittermann, A.; Marz, W.; Tomaschitz, A. Effects of vitamin D on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors: A randomized controlled trial. Hypertension, 2015, 65(6), 1195-1201.
[137]
Arora, P.; Song, Y.; Dusek, J.; Plotnikoff, G.; Sabatine, M.S.; Cheng, S.; Valcour, A.; Swales, H.; Taylor, B.; Carney, E.; Guanaga, D.; Young, J.R.; Karol, C.; Torre, M.; Azzahir, A.; Strachan, S.M.; O’Neill, D.C.; Wolf, M.; Harrell, F.; Newton-Cheh, C.; Wang, T.J. Vitamin D therapy in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: The DAYLIGHT trial. Circulation, 2015, 131(3), 254-262.
[138]
Thorin, E.; Henrion, D.; Oster, L.; Thorin-Trescases, N.; Capdeville, C.; Martin, J.A.; Chillon, J.M.; Hicks, P.E.; Atkinson, J. Vascular calcium overload produced by administration of vitamin D3 and nicotine in rats. Changes in tissue calcium levels, blood pressure, and pressor responses to electrical stimulation or norepinephrine in vivo. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 1990, 16(2), 257-266.
[139]
Kieffer, P.; Robert, A.; Capdeville-Atkinson, C.; Atkinson, J.; Lartaud-Idjouadiene, I. Age-related arterial calcification in rats. Life Sci., 2000, 66(24), 2371-2381.
[140]
Niederhoffer, N.; Lartaud-Idjouadiene, I.; Giummelly, P.; Duvivier, C.; Peslin, R.; Atkinson, J. Calcification of medial elastic fibers and aortic elasticity. Hypertension, 1997, 29(4), 999-1006.
[141]
Mirhosseini, N.Z.; Knaus, S.J.; Bohaychuk, K.; Singh, J.; Vatanparast, H.A.; Weber, L.P. Both high and low plasma levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D increase blood pressure in a normal rat model. Br. J. Nutr., 2016, 116(11), 1889-1900.
[142]
Granado-Lorencio, F.; Rubio, E.; Blanco-Navarro, I.; Perez-Sacristan, B.; Rodriguez-Pena, R.; Garcia Lopez, F.J. Hypercalcemia, hypervitaminosis A and 3-epi-25-OH-D3 levels after consumption of an “over the counter” vitamin D remedy. A case report. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2012, 50(6), 2106-2108.
[143]
Cirillo, M.; Bilancio, G.; Cirillo, C. Reversible vascular calcifications associated with hypervitaminosis D. J. Nephrol., 2016, 29(1), 129-131.
[144]
Wani, M.; Wani, I.; Banday, K.; Ashraf, M. The other side of vitamin D therapy: A case series of acute kidney injury due to malpractice-related vitamin D intoxication. Clin. Nephrol., 2016, 86(11), 236-241.
[145]
Tripkovic, L.; Wilson, L.R.; Hart, K.; Johnsen, S.; de Lusignan, S.; Smith, C.P.; Bucca, G.; Penson, S.; Chope, G.; Elliott, R.; Hypponen, E.; Berry, J.L.; Lanham-New, S.A. Daily supplementation with 15 mug vitamin D2 compared with vitamin D3 to increase wintertime 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in healthy South Asian and white European women: A 12-wk randomized, placebo-controlled food-fortification trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2017, 106(2), 481-490.
[146]
Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Stocklin, E.; Sidelnikov, E.; Willett, W.C.; Edel, J.O.; Stahelin, H.B.; Wolfram, S.; Jetter, A.; Schwager, J.; Henschkowski, J.; von Eckardstein, A.; Egli, A. Oral supplementation with 25(OH)D3 versus vitamin D3: Effects on 25(OH)D levels, lower extremity function, blood pressure, and markers of innate immunity. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2012, 27(1), 160-169.
[147]
Chen, W.R.; Liu, Z.Y.; Shi, Y.; Yin, D.W.; Wang, H.; Sha, Y.; Chen, Y.D. Vitamin D and nifedipine in the treatment of Chinese patients with grades I-II essential hypertension: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Atherosclerosis, 2014, 235(1), 102-109.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy