[1]
Blumfield ML, Hure AJ, Macdonald-Wicks L, Smith R, Collins CE. A systematic review and meta-analysis of micronutrient intakes during pregnancy in developed countries. Nutr Rev 2013; 71(2): 118-32.
[2]
Barker DJ, Gluckman PD, Godfrey KM, Harding JE, Owens JA, Robinson JS. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Lancet 1993; 341(8850): 938-41.
[3]
de Boo HA, Harding JE. The developmental origins of adult disease (Barker) hypothesis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 46(1): 4-14.
[4]
Turner RE, Langkamp-Henken B, Littell RC, Lukowski MJ, Suarez MF. Comparing nutrient intake from food to the estimated average requirements shows middle- to upper-income pregnant women lack iron and possibly magnesium. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103(4): 461-6.
[5]
Giddens JB, Krug SK, Tsang RC, Guo S, Miodovnik M, Prada JA. Pregnant adolescent and adult women have similarly low intakes of selected nutrients. J Am Diet Assoc 2000; 100(11): 1334-40.
[6]
Sherwood KL, Houghton LA, Tarasuk V, O’Connor DL. One-third of pregnant and lactating women may not be meeting their folate requirements from diet alone based on mandated levels of folic acid fortification. J Nutr 2006; 136(11): 2820-6.
[7]
Parisi F, Laoreti A, Cetin I. Multiple micronutrient needs in pregnancy in industrialized countries. Ann Nutr Metab 2014; 65(1): 13-21.
[8]
Dubois L, Diasparra M, Bedard B, et al. Adequacy of nutritional intake from food and supplements in a cohort of pregnant women in Quebec, Canada: the 3D Cohort Study (Design, Develop, Discover). Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106(2): 541-8.
[9]
Pouchieu C, Levy R, Faure C, et al. Socioeconomic, lifestyle and dietary factors associated with dietary supplement use during pregnancy. PLoS One 2013; 8(8)e70733
[10]
Schnorr CE, Morrone Mda S, Weber MH, Lorenzi R, Behr GA, Moreira JC. The effects of vitamin A supplementation to rats during gestation and lactation upon redox parameters: Increased oxidative stress and redox modulation in mothers and their offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49(10): 2645-54.
[11]
Smedts HP, de Vries JH, Rakhshandehroo M, et al. High maternal vitamin E intake by diet or supplements is associated with congenital heart defects in the offspring. BJOG 2009; 116(3): 416-23.
[12]
Picciano MF, McGuire MK. Use of dietary supplements by pregnant and lactating women in North America. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(2): 663s-7s.
[13]
Branum AM, Bailey R, Singer BJ. Dietary supplement use and folate status during pregnancy in the United States. J Nutr 2013; 143(4): 486-92.
[14]
Tarrant RC, Sheridan-Pereira M, McCarthy RA, Younger KM, Kearney JM. Maternal and infant nutritional supplementation practices in Ireland: Implications for clinicians and policymakers. Ir Med J 2011; 104(6): 173-7.
[15]
Haugen M, Brantsaeter AL, Alexander J, Meltzer HM. Dietary supplements contribute substantially to the total nutrient intake in pregnant Norwegian women. Ann Nutr Metab 2008; 52(4): 272-80.
[16]
Dror DK, King JC, Durand DJ, Allen LH. Association of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors with vitamin D status in pregnant women and neonates in Oakland, CA. J Am Diet Assoc 2011; 111(1): 111-6.
[17]
Arkkola T, Uusitalo U, Pietikainen M, et al. Dietary intake and use of dietary supplements in relation to demographic variables among pregnant Finnish women. Br J Nutr 2006; 96(5): 913-20.
[18]
Ishihara J, Sobue T, Yamamoto S, Sasaki S, Tsugane S. Demographics, lifestyles, health characteristics, and dietary intake among dietary supplement users in Japan. Int J Epidemiol 2003; 32(4): 546-53.
[19]
Rock CL. Multivitamin-multimineral supplements: who uses them? Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85(1): 277s-9s.
[20]
Brekke HK, Ludvigsson J. Vitamin D supplementation and diabetes-related autoimmunity in the ABIS study. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8(1): 11-4.
[21]
Marjamaki L, Niinisto S, Kenward MG, et al. Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in offspring. Diabetologia 2010; 53(8): 1599-607.
[22]
Riazi H, Bashirian S, Amini L. Awareness of pregnant women about folic acid supplementation in Iran. J Family Reprod Health 2012; 6(4): 159-63.
[23]
Mashayekhi SO, Dilmaghanizadeh M, Sattari MR. A survey on the consumption, knowledge and attitude of pregnant women toward the efects of folic acid on pregnancy outcome in Tabriz. Iran J Child Neurol 2011; 5(1): 35-42.
[25]
Burton A, Wilson S, Gillies AJ. Folic acid: Is self reported use of supplements accurate? J Epidemiol Community Health 2001; 55(11): 841-2.
[26]
Allen LH. Pregnancy and lactation. In: Bowman BA, Russell RM,
(eds.). Present knowledge in nutrition. 9th ed. Vol 2. Washington,
DC: International Life Sciences Institute, 2006; pp. 529-43.
[27]
Health Canada. Prenatal Nutrition Guidelines for Health Professionals – Folate. (Ottawa: Health Canada). 2009. Available online.
[29]
American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Guidelines for perinatal care. 8th ed. Elk Grove Village (IL): AAP; Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2017.
[30]
Institute of Medicine Committee to Review Dietary Reference
Intakes for Vitamin D, Calcium. The National Academies Collection:
Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. In: Ross AC,
Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB, editors. Dietary Reference
Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington (DC): National
Academies Press (US). National Academy of Sciences. 2017.
[31]
Viswanathan M, Treiman KA, Doto JK, Middleton JC, Coker- Schwimmer EJL, Nicholson WK. Folic Acid Supplementation: An Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); . 2017; Jan. Report No.: 14-05214-EF-1.
[32]
Chen SY, Lin JR, Chen TH, Guo SG, Kao MD, Pan WH. Dietary supplements usage among elderly Taiwanese during 2005-2008. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2011; 20(2): 327-36.
[33]
Patterson AJ, Brown WJ, Roberts DC. Dietary and supplement treatment of iron deficiency results in improvements in general health and fatigue in Australian women of childbearing age. J Am Coll Nutr 2001; 20(4): 337-42.
[34]
Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council 2012. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Antenatal Care – Module 1 Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing Canberra
[35]
Aronsson CA, Vehik K, Yang J, et al. Use of dietary supplements in pregnant women in relation to sociodemographic factors - a report from The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. Public Health Nutr 2013; 16(8):1 390- 402.
[36]
Foote JA, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Hankin JH, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN. Factors associated with dietary supplement use among healthy adults of five ethnicities: the Multiethnic cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157(10): 888-97.
[37]
Al-Hazzaa HM. Physical activity, fitness and fatness among Saudi children and adolescents: Implications for cardiovascular health. Saudi Med J 2002; 23(2): 144-50.
[38]
Morisset AS, Weiler HA, Dubois L, et al. Rankings of iron, vitamin D, and calcium intakes in relation to maternal characteristics of pregnant Canadian women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41(7): 749-57.
[39]
Conner M, Kirk SF, Cade JE, Barrett JH. Environmental influences: Factors influencing a woman’s decision to use dietary supplements. J Nutr 2003; 133(6): 1978s-82s.
[40]
Nisar YB, Dibley MJ, Mir AM. Factors associated with non-use of antenatal iron and folic acid supplements among Pakistani women: A cross sectional household survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 305.
[41]
Cueto HT, Riis AH, Hatch EE, Wise LA, Rothman KJ, Mikkelsen EM. Predictors of preconceptional folic acid or multivitamin supplement use: A cross-sectional study of Danish pregnancy planners. Clin Epidemiol 2012; 4: 259-65.
[42]
George L, Mills JL, Johansson AL, et al. Plasma folate levels and risk of spontaneous abortion. JAMA 2002; 288(15): 1867-73.
43
4