Abstract
Influenza A virus is one of the major human pathogens. The influenza infection can pass out without any subclinical symptoms or infestation can appear in upper respiratory tract as well as in lower respiratory tract where it can result in lethal outcome.
Both innate and adaptive immune responses are activated shortly after infection providing protection against infection. Many activities of the cells of innate and adaptive immunity are coordinated by cytokines. However, inordinate or disbalanced immune response may result in overproduction of cytokines as well as chemokines which can lead to severe inflammation, including excessive recruitment of neutrophils and mononuclear cells at the site of infection. These may damage lung tissue, reduce respiratory capacity, and cause severe disease and mortality. Recently, the role of cytokines induced by virus infection has been reevaluated. While moderate inflammatory response protects against development of severe illness, the hyper-inflammatory response can elevate the disease progression. In this mini-review, we summarized the data on cytokines and chemokines induced in the sera of hospitalized patients infected with human and avian influenza viruses and define their possible role in pathogenesis. Interleukin IL-6 and chemokines CCL-2/MCP-1, CCL-4/MIP-1β, CXCL-8/IL-8, CXCL-9/MIG, and CXCL-10/IP-10 are associated with pathogenicity of both avian (H5N1 and H7N9) and human (pdmH1N1 and H3N2) viruses. Chemokines CCL-2/MCP-1, CXCL-8/IL-8, CXCL-9/MIG, and CXCL-10/IP-10 are also related with mortality. These cytokines may be used as targets for new, more complex therapy in the extenuation of unfavorable effects of hyper inflammatory response.Keywords: Cytokines, chemokines, interferon, influenza virus, interleukin, immunity, pathogenesis, macrophage, NK cell, T cell, B cell.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Cytokines Induced During Influenza Virus Infection
Volume: 23 Issue: 18
Author(s): Tatiana Betakova*, Anna Kostrabova, Veronika Lachova and Lucia Turianova
Affiliation:
- Biomedical research Center, Institute of Virology, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava,Slovakia
Keywords: Cytokines, chemokines, interferon, influenza virus, interleukin, immunity, pathogenesis, macrophage, NK cell, T cell, B cell.
Abstract: Influenza A virus is one of the major human pathogens. The influenza infection can pass out without any subclinical symptoms or infestation can appear in upper respiratory tract as well as in lower respiratory tract where it can result in lethal outcome.
Both innate and adaptive immune responses are activated shortly after infection providing protection against infection. Many activities of the cells of innate and adaptive immunity are coordinated by cytokines. However, inordinate or disbalanced immune response may result in overproduction of cytokines as well as chemokines which can lead to severe inflammation, including excessive recruitment of neutrophils and mononuclear cells at the site of infection. These may damage lung tissue, reduce respiratory capacity, and cause severe disease and mortality. Recently, the role of cytokines induced by virus infection has been reevaluated. While moderate inflammatory response protects against development of severe illness, the hyper-inflammatory response can elevate the disease progression. In this mini-review, we summarized the data on cytokines and chemokines induced in the sera of hospitalized patients infected with human and avian influenza viruses and define their possible role in pathogenesis. Interleukin IL-6 and chemokines CCL-2/MCP-1, CCL-4/MIP-1β, CXCL-8/IL-8, CXCL-9/MIG, and CXCL-10/IP-10 are associated with pathogenicity of both avian (H5N1 and H7N9) and human (pdmH1N1 and H3N2) viruses. Chemokines CCL-2/MCP-1, CXCL-8/IL-8, CXCL-9/MIG, and CXCL-10/IP-10 are also related with mortality. These cytokines may be used as targets for new, more complex therapy in the extenuation of unfavorable effects of hyper inflammatory response.Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Betakova Tatiana*, Kostrabova Anna, Lachova Veronika and Turianova Lucia , Cytokines Induced During Influenza Virus Infection, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2017; 23 (18) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170316123736
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170316123736 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Bisphosphonates: Molecular Mechanisms of Action and Effects on Bone Cells, Monocytes and Macrophages
Current Pharmaceutical Design Gene Expression in Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts Under Microgravity Conditions: A Systematic Review
Current Genomics Nanofibers Based Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Approaches for Myocardial Regeneration
Current Pharmaceutical Design Scutellarin Attenuates Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Promotes Astrogliosis in Cerebral Ischemia - A Therapeutic Consideration
Current Medicinal Chemistry Intracellular Expression of Inflammatory Proteins S100A8 and S100A9 Leads to Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition and Attenuated Aggressivity of Breast Cancer Cells
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Impact of IL-17 on Cells of the Monocyte Lineage in Health and Disease
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Biologic Therapy in Psoriasis (Part II): Efficacy and Safety of New Treatment Targeting IL23/IL-17 Pathways
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Promotes the Proangiogenic Ability of Adipose Stem Cells from Obese Subjects <i>via</i> the IL-6 Signaling Pathway
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Depression
Current Neuropharmacology Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Regenerative Medicine for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: A Patent Literature Review
Recent Patents on Regenerative Medicine Lentiviral Delivery of Proteins for Genome Engineering
Current Gene Therapy Prolonged Physiologic Doses of Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Severe Community Acquired Pneumonia
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Gene Delivery Strategies Targeting Stable Atheromatous Plaque
Current Pharmaceutical Design Provoking Neuroprotection by Peroxynitrite
Current Pharmaceutical Design Nanocrystal Technology in the Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drugs: An Overview
Current Drug Delivery Angiogenesis: A Target for Cancer Therapy
Current Pharmaceutical Design Computationally Probing Drug-Protein Interactions Via Support Vector Machine
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Sleep Apnea and Coronary Heart Disease: From Dusk Till Dawn and Further
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Antioxidant, Pro-Oxidant and Other Biological Activities of Sesquiterpenes
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 99mTc-HMPAO-Labelled Leukocytes Scintigraphy in Monitoring Children and Adolescents with IBD
Current Radiopharmaceuticals