Abstract
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are considered as important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), while highdensity lipoproteins (HDL) are well recognized for their putative role in reverse cholesterol transport and other atheroprotective functions. Both LDL and HDL are heterogeneous in nature, including various subfractions depending on the method of isolation (≥ 7 LDL and 10 HDL subspecies, respectively). While it is established that small, dense LDL (sdLDL) have atherogenic potential, the role of different HDL subfractions is still largely unclear. The majority of clinical studies suggest an atheroprotective role of larger HDL particles, although recent work has highlighted the role of dysfunctional HDL within different subfractions. Several therapeutic approaches are able to primarily target cholesterol concentration in LDL or HDL. Certain drugs, such as niacin, statins and fibrates target multiple lipid traits (i.e. pleiotropic drug effects), while cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors are able to increase plasma HDL cholesterol levels. Statins represent the most used lipid-lowering drugs, but there is a continued interest in the development of novel therapeutic approaches, including those that might affect dysfunctional HDL. Targeting distinct LDL and HDL subfractions may potentially reduce the residual risk seen in clinical endpoint trials.
Keywords: LDL, HDL, cardiovascular risk, dysfunctional HDL, treatment.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:LDL and HDL Subfractions, Dysfunctional HDL: Treatment Options
Volume: 20 Issue: 40
Author(s): Antonio Garcia-Rios, Dragana Nikolic, Pablo Perez-Martinez, Jose Lopez-Miranda, Manfredi Rizzo and Ron C. Hoogeveen
Affiliation:
Keywords: LDL, HDL, cardiovascular risk, dysfunctional HDL, treatment.
Abstract: Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are considered as important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), while highdensity lipoproteins (HDL) are well recognized for their putative role in reverse cholesterol transport and other atheroprotective functions. Both LDL and HDL are heterogeneous in nature, including various subfractions depending on the method of isolation (≥ 7 LDL and 10 HDL subspecies, respectively). While it is established that small, dense LDL (sdLDL) have atherogenic potential, the role of different HDL subfractions is still largely unclear. The majority of clinical studies suggest an atheroprotective role of larger HDL particles, although recent work has highlighted the role of dysfunctional HDL within different subfractions. Several therapeutic approaches are able to primarily target cholesterol concentration in LDL or HDL. Certain drugs, such as niacin, statins and fibrates target multiple lipid traits (i.e. pleiotropic drug effects), while cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors are able to increase plasma HDL cholesterol levels. Statins represent the most used lipid-lowering drugs, but there is a continued interest in the development of novel therapeutic approaches, including those that might affect dysfunctional HDL. Targeting distinct LDL and HDL subfractions may potentially reduce the residual risk seen in clinical endpoint trials.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Garcia-Rios Antonio, Nikolic Dragana, Perez-Martinez Pablo, Lopez-Miranda Jose, Rizzo Manfredi and Hoogeveen C. Ron, LDL and HDL Subfractions, Dysfunctional HDL: Treatment Options, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2014; 20 (40) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612820666140620154014
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612820666140620154014 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Computer Aided Drug Design Studies in the Discovery of Secondary Metabolites Targeted Against Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Vitamin D Supplementation for Obesity: Potential Mechanisms of Action and an Update of Randomized Controlled Trials
Current Nutrition & Food Science Resveratrol and Cancer: Chemoprevention, Apoptosis, and Chemoimmunosensitizing Activities
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Cancer Agents Toll-Like Receptors and Human Disease: Lessons from Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Current Genomics A Glycemic Threshold of 90 mg/dl Promotes Early Signs of Atherosclerosis in Apparetly Healthy Overweight/Obese Subjects
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Magnetic Field-Assisted Gene Delivery: Achievements and Therapeutic Potential
Current Gene Therapy Evaluation of Ischemic Heart Disease Factors in Hemophilia Patients in Khorramabad
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Imaging Techniques as an Aid in the Early Detection of Cardiac Amyloidosis
Current Pharmaceutical Design Determination of Selenium in Eggs of Different Birds Using Sample Digestion in a Reflux System and Hydride Generation Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
Current Analytical Chemistry Impact of High Protein Intake on Viral Load and Hematological Parameters in HIV-infected Patients
Current HIV Research Cancer Therapeutics-Related Cardiovascular Complications. Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cystatin C: An Emerging Biomarker in Cardiovascular Disease
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Intracranial MR Dynamics in Clinically Diagnosed Alzheimers Disease: The Emerging Concept of “Pulse Wave Encephalopathy”
Current Alzheimer Research Pharmacotherpy and Alzheimer’s Disease: The M-Drugs (Melatonin, Minocycline, Modafinil, and Memantine) Approach
Current Pharmaceutical Design Taking Risk Prediction to the Next Level. Advances in Biomarker Research for Atherosclerosis
Current Pharmaceutical Design An Overview of Innovations in Analysis and Beneficial Health Effects of Wine Polyphenols
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Control of Menopausal Transition through Physical Exercises
Current Women`s Health Reviews Effects of Creatine in Skeletal Muscle Cells and in Myoblasts Differentiating Under Normal or Oxidatively Stressing Conditions
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Pharmacology, Efficacy and Safety of Felodipine with a Focus on Hypertension and Angina Pectoris
Current Drug Safety Patent Selections
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery