Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, has become an important public health problem. Considerable differences in the prevalence of the MetS in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects have been reported, as a consequence of several limitations regarding the diagnostic critera for MetS. New evidence suggests that the use of optimal waist cut-off points specific for the various ethnic populations could represent a step forward in overcoming these limitations. Also the use of specific cut-off points for measuring upper trunk fat as an adjunctive criterion of MetS in HIV patients with lipodystrophy could represent an interesting new research topic. Although metabolic disorders have been associated indirectly with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), directly with HIV infection per se or with host conditions, current circumstances could change the framework of MetS in the HIV setting: For example, the aging HIV population and newer, less metabolically toxic antiretroviral drugs. Lipotoxicity and adipokines have been focused as key issues for explaining MetS in HIV patients. Several studies have investigated the pathophysiology of MetS and cardiovascular complications in HIV infection. Evidence shows that both HIV infection per se and HIV-related chronic immune activation despite antiretroviral therapy are critical factors linking MetS and cardiovascular complications. Current epidemiological and pathogenetic data on MetS in HIV infection, prevention strategies and therapeutic options for all MetS components are reviewed in the light of the recent Adult Treatment Panel IV recommendations and the new antiretroviral drugs.
Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, HIV, lipodystrophy, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, antiretroviral therapy.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:The Metabolic Syndrome and HIV Infection
Volume: 20 Issue: 31
Author(s): Valentina Li Vecchi, Paolo Maggi, Manfredi Rizzo and Giuseppe Montalto
Affiliation:
Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, HIV, lipodystrophy, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, antiretroviral therapy.
Abstract: The metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, has become an important public health problem. Considerable differences in the prevalence of the MetS in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects have been reported, as a consequence of several limitations regarding the diagnostic critera for MetS. New evidence suggests that the use of optimal waist cut-off points specific for the various ethnic populations could represent a step forward in overcoming these limitations. Also the use of specific cut-off points for measuring upper trunk fat as an adjunctive criterion of MetS in HIV patients with lipodystrophy could represent an interesting new research topic. Although metabolic disorders have been associated indirectly with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), directly with HIV infection per se or with host conditions, current circumstances could change the framework of MetS in the HIV setting: For example, the aging HIV population and newer, less metabolically toxic antiretroviral drugs. Lipotoxicity and adipokines have been focused as key issues for explaining MetS in HIV patients. Several studies have investigated the pathophysiology of MetS and cardiovascular complications in HIV infection. Evidence shows that both HIV infection per se and HIV-related chronic immune activation despite antiretroviral therapy are critical factors linking MetS and cardiovascular complications. Current epidemiological and pathogenetic data on MetS in HIV infection, prevention strategies and therapeutic options for all MetS components are reviewed in the light of the recent Adult Treatment Panel IV recommendations and the new antiretroviral drugs.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Vecchi Li Valentina, Maggi Paolo, Rizzo Manfredi and Montalto Giuseppe, The Metabolic Syndrome and HIV Infection, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2014; 20 (31) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612819666131206104209
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612819666131206104209 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Vitamin D Intervention Trials in Critical Illness
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) On the Relationship Between the Light/Dark Cycle, Melatonin and Oxidative Stress
Current Pharmaceutical Design Identifying Patterns in Signs and Symptoms Preceding the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Retrospective Medical Record Review Study and a Nested Case-control Design
Current Alzheimer Research Usefulness of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cardiac and Enovascular Intervention
Current Medical Imaging Impact of Periconceptional Undernutrition on the Development of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: Does the Timing of Parturition Start at Conception?
Current Drug Targets Development of Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Vitamins B1, B2, B3 and B9 – Occurrence, Biosynthesis Pathways and Functions in Human Nutrition
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Exploring the Cardio-metabolic Relevance of T-cadherin: A Pleiotropic Adiponectin Receptor
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Stem Cell-Based Immunomodulation in Type 1 Diabetes: Beyond the Regenerative Approach
Current Pharmaceutical Design Knowing is Half the Battle: Targeting Virulence Factors of Group A Streptococcus for Vaccine and Therapeutics
Current Drug Targets Antiepileptic Drugs During Pregnancy: Pharmacokinetics and Transplacental Transfer
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Cell Based Approaches for Myocardial Regeneration and Artificial Myocardium
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Sodium Selenite as an Anticancer Agent
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Dietary Fat and Hypertension: A Novel Approach Through the Proteolytic Regulatory Enzymes of the Renin-Angiotensin-System
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Therapeutic Option of Plasmid-DNA Based Gene Transfer
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Cellular Iron Homeostasis and Therapeutic Implications of Iron Chelators in Cancer
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in Chronic Heart Failure: Clinical Implications and Molecular Mechanisms
Current Cardiology Reviews Apolipoprotein(a) in the Carotid Artery Plaque: Evidence for Proteolytic and Pro-Inflammatory Modifications
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Editorial [Hot Topic: Tocotrienols: Potential Drug Targets for Cardiovascular, Cancer and Neurological Diseases (Executive Guest Editor: Dipak K. Das)]
Current Pharmaceutical Design Retrospective, Observation Study: Quantitative and Qualitative Effect of Ezetimibe and HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors on LDL-Cholesterol: Are There Disappearance Thresholds for Small, Dense LDL and IDL?
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery