Title:The Dark Side of Stem Cells: Triggering Cancer Progression by Cell Fusion
VOLUME: 13 ISSUE: 5
Author(s):T. Dittmar, C. Nagler, B. Niggemann and K.S. Zanker
Affiliation:Witten/Herdecke University, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Institute of Immunology, Stockumer Str. 10, D-58448 Witten, Germany.
Keywords:Bone marrow-derived cells, cancer stem cells, cell fusion, drug resistance, metastasis formation,
recurrence cancer stem cells, tumor-associated macrophages.
Abstract:The phenomenon of cell fusion plays a crucial role in a plethora of physiological processes,
including fertilization, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. In addition to this, cell fusion also takes place
during pathophysiological processes such as virus entry into host cells and cancer. Particularly in cancer, cell
fusion has been linked to a number of properties being associated with the progression of the disease
including an increased proliferation rate, an enhanced metastatogenic behavior, an increased drug resistance
and an increased resistance towards apoptosis. Although the process of cell fusion including the molecules to
be involved-in is not completely understood in higher organisms, recent data revealed that chronic
inflammation seems to be strong mediator. Since tumor tissue resembles chronically inflamed tissue, it can be
concluded that cell fusion between recruited macrophages, bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), and tumor
(stem) cells should be a common phenomenon in cancer. In the present review, we will summarize how a
chronic inflamed microenvironment could originate in cancerous tissues, the role of M2-polarized tumorassociated
macrophages (M2-TAMs) within this process and how fusion between macrophages and BMDCs
will trigger cancer progression. A particular emphasis will be drawn on recurrence cancer stem cells (rCSCs),
which will play a pivotal role in “oncogenic resistance” and which might originate from fusion events between
tumor (stem) cells and BMDCs.
