Abstract
For the past century, the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has been recognized as one of the major blood pressure-regulating systems. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the final physiologically active product of RAS, and it works not only as a strong vasopressor but also as a promotor of tissue remodeling in various organs such as heart, arteries, and kidneys. RAS is the predominant pathway of Ang II formation in human plasma, but not in the tissues. There are several alternative pathways producing angiotensin II in human tissues, and they are involved in structural remodeling of the cardiovascular system. Proteinases such as chymase, kallikrein, cathepsin G, and elastase- 2 are probably responsible for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-independent Ang II formation in human tissues. In particular, chymase is an important Ang II-generating enzyme in the human heart. It is important to elucidate the mechanisms of the ACEindependent Ang II formation in human tissues; long-term inhibition of the local Ang II formation may become one of the strategies to prevent cardiovascular remodeling.
Keywords: Local renin–angiotensin system, angiotensin II, ACE, chymase, elastase-2, angiotensin-(1–12), cardiovascular disease.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Non-ACE Pathway-induced Angiotensin II Production
Volume: 19 Issue: 17
Author(s): Yoshinari Uehara, Shin-ichiro Miura, Eiji Yahiro and Keijiro Saku
Affiliation:
Keywords: Local renin–angiotensin system, angiotensin II, ACE, chymase, elastase-2, angiotensin-(1–12), cardiovascular disease.
Abstract: For the past century, the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has been recognized as one of the major blood pressure-regulating systems. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the final physiologically active product of RAS, and it works not only as a strong vasopressor but also as a promotor of tissue remodeling in various organs such as heart, arteries, and kidneys. RAS is the predominant pathway of Ang II formation in human plasma, but not in the tissues. There are several alternative pathways producing angiotensin II in human tissues, and they are involved in structural remodeling of the cardiovascular system. Proteinases such as chymase, kallikrein, cathepsin G, and elastase- 2 are probably responsible for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-independent Ang II formation in human tissues. In particular, chymase is an important Ang II-generating enzyme in the human heart. It is important to elucidate the mechanisms of the ACEindependent Ang II formation in human tissues; long-term inhibition of the local Ang II formation may become one of the strategies to prevent cardiovascular remodeling.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Uehara Yoshinari, Miura Shin-ichiro, Yahiro Eiji and Saku Keijiro, Non-ACE Pathway-induced Angiotensin II Production, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2013; 19 (17) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319170012
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319170012 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Bone Metastases Radiopharmaceuticals: An Overview
Current Radiopharmaceuticals Development and Clinical use of Prasugrel and Ticagrelor
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Role of Chemokines, Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules in Stem Cell Trafficking and Homing
Current Pharmaceutical Design G Protein-Activated Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels as Potential Therapeutic Targets
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Dialogue Between Endothelial Cells and Monocytes/Macrophages in Vascular Syndromes
Current Pharmaceutical Design Remote Preconditioning- Endocrine Factors in Organ Protection Against Ischemic Injury
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Therapeutic Potential of High Mobility Group Box-1 in Ischemic Injury and Tissue Regeneration
Current Vascular Pharmacology Targeting Cyclooxygenase and Nitric Oxide Pathway Cross-Talk: A New Signal Transduction Pathway for Developing More Effective Anti- Inflammatory Drugs
Current Signal Transduction Therapy The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex as a Target for Gene Therapy
Current Gene Therapy MicroRNA-155 Functions as a Negative Regulator of RhoA Signaling in TGF-β-induced Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition
MicroRNA Potential Usefulness of Clopidogrel Pharmacogenetics in Ce rebral Endovascular Procedures and Carotid Artery Stenting
Current Clinical Pharmacology Critical Questions for Preclinical Trials on Safety and Efficacy of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Based Therapeutic Angiogenesis for Ischemic Stroke
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells (ASC) in Regenerative Medicine: Pharmaceutical Applications
Current Pharmaceutical Design New Approaches for Antithrombotic Antiplatelet Therapies
Current Medicinal Chemistry Untargeted Metabolomics in the Discovery of Novel Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Opposite Effects of Two-Derived Antioxidants from Physalis pubescens L. on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line Malhavu
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Emerging Strategies and Agents to Lower Cardiovascular Risk by Increasing High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels
Current Medicinal Chemistry Chemotherapy and Cardiotoxicity in Hematologic Malignancies
Current Cancer Drug Targets Therapeutic Potential of N-Acetylcysteine for Wound Healing, Acute Bronchiolitis, and Congenital Heart Defects
Current Drug Metabolism Cilostazol as a Unique Antithrombotic Agent
Current Pharmaceutical Design