Abstract
The biological functions of angiotensin (Ang) II are mediated by two Ang II receptors, designated type 1 receptor (AT1R) and type 2 receptor (AT2R). Most of the cardiovascular effects of Ang II are mediated by AT1R that is expressed widely in the body. The expression of AT1R is up-regulated in cardiovascular lesions, and is regulated by many endogenous bioactive substances and drugs. The AT2R is generally considered to antagonize the effects of AT1R, but its precise function remains enigmatic and controversial, particularly in humans. The expression of AT2R is low in normal adult animals, but AT2R expression is up-regulated in cardiovascular lesions. The dynamic regulation of AT1R and AT2R expression suggests an active involvement of Ang II receptors in the development of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, chronic kidney diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. Further clarification of gene regulatory mechanisms of Ang II receptors may identify potential targets for the development of novel therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.
Keywords: Angiotensin II, type 1 receptor, type 2 receptor, gene expression, gene regulation.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Regulation of Angiotensin II Receptor Expression
Volume: 19 Issue: 17
Author(s): Toshihiro Ichiki
Affiliation:
Keywords: Angiotensin II, type 1 receptor, type 2 receptor, gene expression, gene regulation.
Abstract: The biological functions of angiotensin (Ang) II are mediated by two Ang II receptors, designated type 1 receptor (AT1R) and type 2 receptor (AT2R). Most of the cardiovascular effects of Ang II are mediated by AT1R that is expressed widely in the body. The expression of AT1R is up-regulated in cardiovascular lesions, and is regulated by many endogenous bioactive substances and drugs. The AT2R is generally considered to antagonize the effects of AT1R, but its precise function remains enigmatic and controversial, particularly in humans. The expression of AT2R is low in normal adult animals, but AT2R expression is up-regulated in cardiovascular lesions. The dynamic regulation of AT1R and AT2R expression suggests an active involvement of Ang II receptors in the development of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, chronic kidney diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. Further clarification of gene regulatory mechanisms of Ang II receptors may identify potential targets for the development of novel therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Ichiki Toshihiro, Regulation of Angiotensin II Receptor Expression, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2013; 19 (17) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319170007
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319170007 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Potential Relevance of Melatonin Against Some Infectious Agents: A Review and Assessment of Recent Research
Current Medicinal Chemistry Experimental Animal Models of Myocardial Damage in Regenerative Medicine Studies Involving Adult Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cells: Ethical and Methodological Implications
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Targeting Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in the Therapy of Psoriasis
Current Drug Targets - Inflammation & Allergy Antidiabetic Potential of Fabaceae Family: An Overview
Current Nutrition & Food Science Crocetin as an Active Secondary Metabolite of Saffron Stigma and Anticancer Effects
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews Current Concepts Underlying Benefits of Exercise Training in Congestive Heart Failure Patients
Current Cardiology Reviews Therapeutic Approaches for Reducing C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Levels and the Associated Cardiovascular Risk
Current Chemical Biology Cardiac Involvement in ANCA (+) and ANCA (-) Churg-Strauss Syndrome Evaluated by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Ventilation of Very Preterm Infants in the Delivery Room
Current Pediatric Reviews Novel Agents Targeting Nitric Oxide
Current Vascular Pharmacology Treatment of Tachycardia in Hypertension: Where Do We Stand Now?
Current Hypertension Reviews Hypoglycemia and Cardiac Arrhythmia; Mechanisms, Evidence Base a nd Current Recommendations
Current Diabetes Reviews Alzheimers Disease and n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Beneficial Effects and Possible Molecular Pathways Involved
Current Signal Transduction Therapy Leptin and the Cardiovascular System: A Review
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Induction of Transplantation Tolerance via Regulatory T Cells
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Extracorporeal Lung Assist for Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Editorial [Hot Topic:Are the Pleiotropic Effects of Drugs Used for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Clinically Relevant?(Executive Editors: M. Elisaf and E.N. Liberopoulos)]
Current Pharmaceutical Design Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C): How Low?
Current Vascular Pharmacology Psoriasis and Atherosclerosis: Is There a Need For Novel Biomarkers Assessing Cardiovascular Risk?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Disrupting β-Amyloid Aggregation for Alzheimer Disease Treatment
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry