Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane signaling molecules that are expressed in cells of the innate immune system. In these cells, TLRs function as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that recognize specific molecular patterns derived from microorganisms. Upon activation, TLRs trigger a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways in innate immune cells, leading to the induction of inflammatory and innate immune responses, which in turn regulate adaptive immune responses. In the nervous system, different members of the TLR family are expressed on glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells) and neurons. Recently, increasing evidence has supported the idea that TLRs also recognize endogenous molecules that are released from damaged tissue, thereby regulating inflammatory responses and subsequent tissue repair. These findings imply that TLRs on glial cells may also be involved in the inflammatory response to tissue damage in the nervous system. In this review, we discuss recent studies on TLR expression in the cells of the nervous system and their roles in acute neurological disorders involving tissue damage such as strokes, traumatic spinal cord and brain injuries, and peripheral nerve injuries.
Keywords: Toll-like receptor, Stroke, Spinal cord injury, Peripheral nerve injury, Neuropathic pain
Current Protein & Peptide Science
Title:Toll-Like Receptors: Sensor Molecules for Detecting Damage to the Nervous System
Volume: 14 Issue: 1
Author(s): Hyunkyoung Lee, Soojin Lee, Ik-Hyun Cho and Sung Joong Lee
Affiliation:
Keywords: Toll-like receptor, Stroke, Spinal cord injury, Peripheral nerve injury, Neuropathic pain
Abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane signaling molecules that are expressed in cells of the innate immune system. In these cells, TLRs function as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that recognize specific molecular patterns derived from microorganisms. Upon activation, TLRs trigger a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways in innate immune cells, leading to the induction of inflammatory and innate immune responses, which in turn regulate adaptive immune responses. In the nervous system, different members of the TLR family are expressed on glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells) and neurons. Recently, increasing evidence has supported the idea that TLRs also recognize endogenous molecules that are released from damaged tissue, thereby regulating inflammatory responses and subsequent tissue repair. These findings imply that TLRs on glial cells may also be involved in the inflammatory response to tissue damage in the nervous system. In this review, we discuss recent studies on TLR expression in the cells of the nervous system and their roles in acute neurological disorders involving tissue damage such as strokes, traumatic spinal cord and brain injuries, and peripheral nerve injuries.
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Cite this article as:
Lee Hyunkyoung, Lee Soojin, Cho Ik-Hyun and Joong Lee Sung, Toll-Like Receptors: Sensor Molecules for Detecting Damage to the Nervous System, Current Protein & Peptide Science 2013; 14 (1) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203711314010006
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203711314010006 |
Print ISSN 1389-2037 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5550 |
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